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1

Trwała ruina zamku jako problem konsewatorsko-krajobrazowy

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Bogdanowski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1977

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issue 1-2

22-27

EN

The author deals with the notion of preserved ruins deriving its origin from that of the picturesqueness of the landscape (18th century). In the 19th century the former concept was incorporated with the one of authenticity of the monument in ruin. At present the starting point of conservators’ proceedings is recognition of the inseparable connection of the ruins and the landscape. Hence the aid proceedings being reduced nowadays to preservation of the authenticity of the ruins. In the author's opinion all the new, minor components of preserved ruins and their immediate surroundings hould be skillfully disguised and the supreme principle recognized of non-introduction of any adaptation facilities (e.g. catering establishments, etc.) And, in turn, the starting point of the work on preservation of the surroundings of the ruins should be a relevant architectonic and landscape study. It is on this basis that the boundaries of the said surroundings should be demarcated following the determination of the range of the view unfolding itself from the ruins. A correct implementation of the preservation proceedings will bring into relief the value of the ruins of the historical monument being — unlike reconstruction — a genuine evidence of the past.

2

Dawna linia obronna jury krakowsko-częstochowskiej: problemy konserwacji i adaptacji dla turystyki

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Bogdanowski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1964

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issue 4

3-36

FR

La chaîne rocheuse des montagnes du Ju ra de Cracovie—Częstochowa constituait depuis un temps immémorial, une région de défense naturelle. y retro u v e des dispositifs de défense érigés depuis l ’âge de la p ie rre ju sq u ’à la derniere guerre mondiale. Les recherches scientifiques commencées au XIX-ème siècle, poursuivies sans continuité, ainsi que de récents tra v a u x plus complexes, ont révélé dans cette région l ’existence de plus de 100 postes de défense provenant de diverses époques. On peut les classer en trois groupes d’orientation: préhistorique, médiéval et moderne. Ces trois grands groupes accusent beaucoup d ’affinités et de continuité dans l’utilisation des formes de défense, p o u rtan t spécifiques. Dans le premier groupe se manifeste surtout le système défensif des murailles sans tours, la ligne de défense infléchie et concave et les débuts originaux de l ’enceinte flanquée de tours. Dans le groupe médiéval qui relève su rto u t des dispositifs de défense érigés au XIV s. en grande p a rt p a r le roi Casimir le Grand, on voit cinq types de château aux formes nettement différenciées. Les siècles suivants apportent le développement du système donjonné et le système des bastilles, le XVlI-ème s. la formation d ’une nouvelle ligne de défense avec des bastions. Etan t donné la grande valeur de ces reliques historiques et la ncn-rmoindre valeur d u paysage ainsi conçu, les trav a u x de conservation qui les concernent doivent être organisés d’une façon complexe, dirigés p a r un groupe de spécialistes, qui s ’occuperait en même temps de la rep a rtitio n des trav au x , des fouilles au point de vue des valeurs historiques e t des valeurs du paysage ayant pour but d’établir un catalogue et inventaire des monuments historiques soumis aux investigations. P a r suite, se b asant sur les renseignements complétés, de la sorte on pourra it établir un plan général e t la repa rtition des trav a u x pour chaque oeuvre d’a rt défensif. Tenant compte de l ’é ta t actuel des monuments historiques conservés, su rto u t de l ’état des ruines, ii semble que les conservateurs devraient su rto u t pro- • téger e t consolider la substance des monuments dans la mesure du possible, plutôt que les reconstruire et re stau re r. Il est aussi d’une importance capitale de garder la silhouette de l’oeuvre, ainsi que l’entourage du monument authentique. Les trav au x de conservation, entrepris dernièrement d ’une façon intempestive, n ’ont pas toujours suivi la voie requise. L ’adaptation de l’ensemble en question aux besoins de la vie contemporaine constitue un problème à part. En règle générale, l’adaptation doit s ’effectuer surtout pour des buts de récréation e t du tourisme, au bénéfice des régions voisines urbanisées, ou trop industrialisées. Il fau t aussi envisager la protection du te rra in contre une trop intense et nuisible exploitation superficielle (carrières de chaux et sablières), contre une industrialisation du te rra in trop poussée. Ce problème doit etre posé sur deux plans différents: — il fau t reconnaître un te rra in limité comme „reserve de paysage protégé” e t in stitu e r un réseau de communication (voie périphérique) et de services n é cessaires, — il fau t aussi ren d re accessibles les monuments historiques respectifs tenant pour règle de les garder en un é ta t aussi authentique que possible, ainsi que tout ce qui forme leur entourage, par consequent expulser les services et les voies d’accès su r l’av an t-terrain .

3

Problemy urbanistycznej rewaloryzacji zabudowy mieszkaniowej z przełomu XIX i XX w. na przykładzie Krakowa

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Bogdanowski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1980

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issue 2

104-115

EN

Following the studies made by the author in the recent years on the buildings in the centre of the town of Cracow four basic forms of houses can be distinguished: — ,,a tenement house” as a house for a few families, located on a large plot and made of big apartments, — a block of flats, i.e. a house for more than ten families on an unproportionally small plot, — a villa, i.e. a house for a few families, situated in the garden, and — a mansion, i.e. one-family villa. The subject of the discussion is the first of the above forms. Genetically it originates direct from a medieval tenement burgher’s house. In that period, however, in some way it assumed features of the mansion. In the structure of the plot itself one can distinguish a characteristic arrangement comprising „avant cour” , i.e. the street, then ,,cour-honneur” trees in front of the gate, an imposing vestibule, followed by a court-yard and a decorative garden. The plots developed in this way make streets — avenues and blocks, the interiors of which are occupied by gardens. An exceptional development of the town of Cracow at the turn of the centuries as an administrative and trade centre and at the same time one of the major strongholds in Europe brought about limited transformations (typical of industrial towns) consisting in overpopulating the housing site. Both the change of gardens into courtyyards built-up with outbuildings as well as the construction of huge blocks of flats affected Cracow to a limited extent only, except for the area of the old medieval centre. One can even say that the inter-war period revalorized partialy densly populated buildings, although it resulted also in a further overpopulation along main trade tracts. This phenomenon can be found to-day as well. In order to revalorize the housing sites the author suggests (i) a gradual elimination of offices bringing about an increased traffic, (ii) a reduction of the number of people per one flat and pulling down added outbuildings. * Further steps include a revalorization of housing street (in its castrai scope and not through blocks adjoining to it). The following three operations would provide the base : — a landscape recomposition of the interior of the street combined with a limitation of traffic (restoration of avenues, introduction of one-way traffic, and wherever possible, its elimination), — an architectural revalorization of individual buildings, and finally, — a revalorization of mid-block gardens to their possible original forms. All this is aimed at restoring original values and the creation of a modern convenient housing environment based on a proper utilization of the already existing historic „background” . When designing modern housing estates it should also be necessary to restore traditional systems of streets and squares with gardens behind the belts of buildings. Thus, instead of loosely scattered constellations of blocks, which today constitute burdensome spatially broken urban interiors, it is necessary to create clearly composed „concrete” urban interiors, fine examples of which can still be found in Cracow.

4

Bonawentura Maciej Pawlicki, "Kamienice mieszczańskie Zamościa : problemy ochrony", Kraków 1999 : [recenzja]

100%

Bogdanowski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2000

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issue 3

336

5

Kulturowy krajobraz zabytkowy i problemy jego ochrony

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Bogdanowski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1998

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issue 1

4-13

EN

The landscape comprises the physiognomy of an environment, including the cultural one. Over twenty years ago, a system for protecting the natural landscape was established as part of the preservation of nature, but despite numerous works on the subject (G. Ciolek, Z. Novak, 1950), the historical cultural landscape was not formally recognised until the 1991 amendment to the law about the protection of cultural property. Debates of the Conference of European Security and Co-Operation, held in Krakow in 1992, became a turning point, making it possible to apply the already prepared and locally functioning methods and areas of activity (from 1960). Upon this basis, concrete work associated with methodical studies and conceptions was initiated within the Fifth Programme on the Protection of the Cultural Landscape (from 1994); in accordance with the range defined in the law in question, these endeavours encompassed protection on the scale of Poland as a whole (initial undertakings), voivodeships, communes, as well as landscape interiors and panoramas, in reference to the law on spatial planning. The initiative is accompanied by numerous publications. A change in the comprehension of the scale of the historical monument — from an object to historical landscape — constitutes an indispensable and essential breakthrough in the perception and protection of monuments. Unfortunately, this problem remains insufficiently appreciated even by conservators, and thus requires intensive scientific, didactic, and popularisation efforts.

6

Zamki Jury Krakowskiej jako problem konserwatorski

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Bogdanowski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1995

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issue 1

10-12

EN

Already in prehistoric times the rocky ridge of the Cracow Jurassic range constituted a special settlement area which dates back to the Palaeolithic Age. Following the stage of the first Palaeolithic fortified cave settlements and the castellation period during the reign of King Casimir the Great, the Cracow ridge changed into a defence line, fortified with numerous castles. Several score of these monuments are extant either in the form of ruins or as objects housing museums. Today, these monuments entail a number of greatly differentiated conservation problems as regards the state of their preservation, utilisation and role as a component of the surrounding landscape. The ensuing issues concern the full range of the preservation of the monuments in question — their protection, conservation and revalorization. The latter task remains particularly complex from the point of view of endowing the objects with contemporary significance and merging them with a landscape of exceptional value. As a result, we are faced with the urgent need to create an entire system of protection.

7

Spuścizna historyczna a społeczeństwo

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Bogdanowski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1991

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issue 1

11-18

EN

The paper was presented at the conference Conservation of Historical Monuments on the Threshold od the 21st Century. Cracow, October 1990. The awareness of the historical heritage, emerging in Poland in the contemporary sense of a monument at least since the 17th and 18th centuries in the activity of individuals (e.g. Bishop Krasicki who has preserved as a residence the Gothic castle in Lidzbark), with the passing of the 19th and 20th centuries encompassed ever broader circles of society. Attitudes. The known social-cultural concepts of the „golden age", i.e. a form of return to the old, better times and of „progress", i.e. implementing changes in the name of it, have not solved the problem of historical monuments in a broad sense. Thus, the present concept of „coexistence" and continuation of tradition has emerged. Reality. At the same time, the concept of historical monument has expanded considerably. This concerns its material form (e.g. from the object through the city, to the cultural landscape), as well as non-material (e.g. from the local name, to „historical space ). At the same time, architectonic cosmopolitism and the ineffectiveness of spatial engineering have led to the obliteration of traditions, local as well as regional. In effect, this leads to the loss of cultural identity. Contradictions. The monument, in its broad sense, as historical heritage, has been faced with an unfavourable situation. By bringing to the foreground the state of preservation of cultural property, often not only single pieces are allowed to be removed, but also entire cities or cultural landscapes are devastated, in general the cultural property resources are disturbed. This can concern heritage in the most varied spheres and scales from local problems to e.g. general world problems. The future. The need arises for undertaking measures on a broad scale. This requires in the first place: 1 — unequivocal self-determination of the circles associated with the protection of cultural property, through the integration of various specialist circles, 2 — large-scale activity to make the society aware of the significance of cultural heritage, through information in spiring to its interpretation and intervention for the benefit of rescuing the resources, 3 — the inclusion of artistic circles in the undertakings for the purpose of carrying out activities for the continuation of traditions. Due to the more general significance of the problem, it would be good to draw up some sort of national or even European „Charter of Cultural Heritage".

8

Dyskusja nad artykułem J. Stankiewicza

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Bogdanowski J., Kalinowski W., Krzyżanowski L., Billert A., Czerner O.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1975

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issue 2

111-124

EN

A SUMMARY OF A STATEMENT BY A. BILLERT The importance of article by J. Stankiewicz has been uuierlined by the author who is of opinion that it deserves the more attention owing to the fact alone that it deals wiih questions until now not dealt in any more comprehensive manner. Tin author of the present statement has focussed his attention on the problem of some kind of demarcation between the protected spatial settings coming from the past times and the modern architectural and town planning solutions. At the moment when it has come to a direct contact between these two kinds of settings a crisis has arisen in the range of preservation and protection of historical monuments having its background in changes occurring in social consciousness and culture as well as a crisis of the man’s civilizational environment and within it another crisis, this time the crisis of a town as such. The next problem considered by the author consists in transmission of components of culture; ho s tat os that under modern conditions the museum concept is more and more frequently rejected, nevertheless, in every-day practice we have constantly to do with processes of pronounced isolation of the so-called „historic space” from the modern „standardization” which, as a final consequence, leads to „musealisation” . The author of the present statement is in full agreement with J. Stankiewicz in his views concerning the need to create some kind of „sanitary barrior” between the „historic space” and that standardized. Taking an a ttitude towards J. Stankiewicz’s postulate rolating to interdesciplinarity required in conservator’s measures the author expresses a view that the protection of historical monuments exists only as a problem or activity and not as an independent scientific discipline since it in itself constitutes a choice of various specializations from both fields — i.e. technical sciences and humanities. In the field conservation are active the representatives of creative disciplines and reflections as to their activ ities arise in the field of art history, those of aesthetics or history of architecture. The so-called conservation activity is a kind of activity from the sphere of culture and art its evaluation, however, will in each separate case have two aspects — i.e. analytical and critical as well. Basing on the above conclusions the author is of opinion that the solution of problem of demarcation between two environments is to be found in the modern creative activity of developing the space as some kind of entity. From this point of view it seems not important to fight against a single standardized multi-storey point block of flats entering the historic space, but to fight fo preservation of the entire spa,ce. This means the end of a certain stage in protection of historical monuments and the advent of now ideas more dialectically handling the reality.

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Trwała ruina zamku jako problem konsewatorsko-krajobrazowy

Dawna linia obronna jury krakowsko-częstochowskiej: problemy konserwacji i adaptacji dla turystyki

Problemy urbanistycznej rewaloryzacji zabudowy mieszkaniowej z przełomu XIX i XX w. na przykładzie Krakowa

Bonawentura Maciej Pawlicki, "Kamienice mieszczańskie Zamościa : problemy ochrony", Kraków 1999 : [recenzja]

Kulturowy krajobraz zabytkowy i problemy jego ochrony

Zamki Jury Krakowskiej jako problem konserwatorski

Spuścizna historyczna a społeczeństwo

Dyskusja nad artykułem J. Stankiewicza