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PL
According to ancient Japanese beliefs invisible ghosts could freely travel between the worlds of supernatural and human. However, the travel was not limited to the souls of dead. It was believed that a soul could leave the body of a living person, do mischief and return. Such occurrence was called ikiryō. This paper analyses examples of such phenomenon depicted in two literary sources: Lady Rokujō from Murasaki Shikibu’s (978? 1016?) Genji monogatari (1008) and an unnamed noblewoman from Konjaku monogatarishū (1120).In both instances emotions play great role in creating ikiryō. Women’s souls separate from the body and serve punishment for sufferings caused by unfaithful men. However, there is a distinct difference in the matter of one’s awareness in becoming ikiryō. Lady Rokujō is unaware of her soul’s travels and experiences them as traumatic episodes of psychosis. On the other hand the unnamed noblewoman willingly turns her soul into ikiryō to deliver vengeance on her ex-lover and regains peace afterwards.Ikiryō is a manifestation of one’s true emotions. It shows not only the complexity of Japanese concept of a soul but also touches on the issue of women social status during Heian period.
EN
The human skull and the skeleton are symbols unmistakably associated with death; one would even call them ‘universal’. However, their true meaning may differ depending on cultural and religious trends that shaped them. In Christian Western Europe and Japan, the dry naked human bones were not to lie lifelessly in graves; people imagined them to move and dance. The Europeans interpreted the skeleton as an actual person. It became a personification of death, the Death. On the other hand, the Japanese treated the skeleton as a graphic representation of a vengeful soul that came back to the world of living to execute revenge on their enemies. The analysis of similarities and differences in the interpretations of the skeleton as a symbolrelated to death are based on historic, literary and artistic sources.
PL
Ludzka czaszka oraz szkielet są symbolami, które jednoznacznie kojarzą się ze śmiercią i można by je uznać za uniwersalne, jednakże ich prawdziwe znaczenie może się różnić w zależności od prądów kulturalno-religijnych, które je ukształtowały. W cywilizacji chrześcijańskiej zachodniejEuropy i w Japonii suche ludzkie kości nie tylko leżały w grobie, ale poruszały się w wyobraźniludzi i w sztuce. W europejskiej interpretacji szkielet stał się konkretną osobą, personifikacjąśmierci. Natomiast w japońskiej kulturze przedstawiał on mściwego ducha dokonującego zemstyna wybranych osobach. Podobieństwa i różnice w znaczeniu symbolu szkieletu zanalizowanow oparciu o źródła historyczno-literackie i artystyczne.
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