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EN
State interventionism today is inextricably linked to organisational processes and the coordination of business activity in the market economy. State intervention in agriculture is policy that actively influences the economic and social processes that occur in this sector. The main reasons the state intervenes in agriculture are that the markets related to agricultural are incomplete and imperfect, costs and exogenous effects come into play, there is a need to and usefulness in supplying the agricultural sector with public goods, as there is a need also to reduce the consequences of incomplete information (by e.g. using agricultural advisors) as well as problems concerning profit sharing. There are also reasons entrenched in the distinctive features of agricultural production that apply to particular production factors and the state of agriculture as well as the time of production. Selecting and ranking the aims of interventionism depend on macroeconomic conditions and the effects of the state’s operation, the place of agriculture in a country’s economy and cultural heritage, and political and economic stability.
EN
The essence of the concept of sustainable development is to ensure sustained improvement in quality of life for present and future generations by the balance between the development of the economic, human and natural capital. This concept is even more important in relation to agriculture and rural areas, due to their direct impact on the natural environment. Principles of sustainable development are implemented in the countries belonging to the European Union, including Poland, where it was adopted strategy of sustainable rural development, agriculture and fisheries for the years 2012-2020.
PL
Wśród czynników, które wpływają na absorpcję środków unijnych w rolnictwie Polski, wyróżnić można uwarunkowania przyrodnicze, demograficzne, techniczne i organizacyjne rozwoju rolnictwa. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i kwantyfikacja wpływu czynników, które w istotny sposób oddziałują na terytorialne zróżnicowanie absorpcji środków unijnych w rolnictwie Polski w ramach działania „Modernizacja gospodarstw rolnych” Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 2007-2013.
EN
Among the factors that impact the absorption of European Union funds in Polish agriculture, natural, demographic, technical and organisational conditions of the development of agriculture can be differentiated. The basic objective of the article is to identify and quantify the factors, which significantly impact the territorial differentiation of the absorption of European Union Funds in Polish agriculture within the framework of the “Modernisation of agricultural holdings” Rural Development Programme for 2007-2013.
PL
W artykule została poruszona problematyka rozwoju sektora mleczarskiego i cukrowniczego w Polsce na tle zmian wspólnej polityki rolnej do 2020 r. Podsumowano dotychczasowe reformy na obu rynkach, a także opisano przewidywane kierunki rozwoju badanych sektorów w nowym okresie programowania.
EN
The article discusses problems in the development of the milk and sugar sectors in Poland from the point of view of changes in the Common Agricultural Policy until 2020. The article summarises the reforms that have been made on both markets, and examines trends expected in the development of these sectors in the new programming period.
EN
The aim of the publication is to analyse and evaluate the functioning of special economic zones in Poland, focusing in particular on the capital invested in the zones and on the creation of new jobs. This publication addresses the subject of special economic zones in Poland and the conditions for their functioning. The article focuses on the structure of capital invested in the zones, the number of workers and industry specialisation. Special attention was paid to issues related to the functioning of SEZs in Poland in the conditions of the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
EN
Within the Economy 4.0, both the amount of work and the demand for different skills are changing, as well as the organisation of work and the ways in which workers are employed. The aim of this paper is to identify changes taking place in workplaces as a result of technological progress and to assess the extent to which new, flexible forms of employment are becoming more widespread in workplaces. The changes taking place in workplaces to the greatest extent include an increase in labour productivity, the possibility to undertake elastic forms of employment, an increase in the quality of work, the need for continuous professional development, and easier reconciliation of work and private life. In Poland, the most common form of flexible employment is remote working, while the occurrence of other modern forms of flexible employment, such as job rotation, work sharing or job sharing, is incidental.
PL
W ramach gospodarki 4.0 zmienia się nie tylko ilość pracy i zapotrzebowanie na różne umiejętności, ale także organizacja pracy i sposoby zatrudniania pracowników. Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie zmian zachodzących na stanowiskach pracy w wyniku postępu technologicznego oraz ocena stopnia upowszechnienia nowych, elastycznych form zatrudnienia w zakładach pracy. Zmiany, które w największym stopniu dokonują się na stanowiskach pracy, obejmują wzrost wydajności pracy, możliwość podjęcia elastycznych form zatrudnienia, wzrost jakości pracy, konieczność nieustannego rozwoju zawodowego, łatwiejsze godzenie pracy zawodowej z życiem prywatnym. W Polsce najbardziej rozpowszechnioną formą elastycznego zatrudnienia jest praca zdalna, natomiast występowanie innych nowoczesnych form elastycznego zatrudnienia, takich jak: job rotation, work sharing czy job sharing, ma charakter incydentalny.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza potencjału i tendencji rozwoju rolnictwa ekologicznego w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej, a także ocena szans i możliwości rozwoju tej formy rolnictwa w Polsce. Rolnictwo ekologiczne stanowi obecnie jedną z najszybciej rozwijających się gałęzi rolnictwa w Unii Europejskiej. W Polsce rynek produktów ekologicznych znajduje się na początkowym etapie rozwoju. Bariery rozwoju związane są z obszarem zarówno podaży, jak i popytu na produkty ekologiczne. Popyt na produkty ekologiczne ma tendencję wzrostową, chociaż jest jeszcze ograniczony. Występuje przede wszystkim w dużych miastach. Dostępność produktów ekologicznych jest stosunkowo mała, a ich cena jest wysoka.
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyse the potential and development of organic farming in selected countries of the European Union, so as to assess the prospects for its development in Poland. Organic farming is currently one of the fastest growing agricultural sectors in the European Union. In Poland, the market for organic products is at an early stage of development. Barriers to development are associated with both the area of supply and the demand for organic products, which is increasing but still limited. With demand occurring mostly in large cities, organic products have limited availability and are expensive.
EN
The crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic revealed the shortcomings and weaknesses of regional economies. It should therefore be perceived as an impulse for change, aimed at building greater resilience to various external shocks, which will also occur in the future. The aim of the article is to present the original concept of studying the socio‑economic consequences of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges arising in the face of the identified development problems. Our research shows that the necessary values to be strengthened in order to create a modern and resilient regional economy include competences, scientific and technological knowledge, financial capital and public and social security. We find that to strengthen the priority values, the specific styles of actions should be adopted, which would enable effective use of endogenous potential resources of the region. These include flexibility, diversification and communication and cooperation. The authors employ the method of scientific analysis and deduction, they refer to their own observations of socioeconomic phenomena and critically analyse literature and strategic documents.
PL
Kryzys wywołany pandemią COVID-19 ujawnił niedociągnięcia i słabości gospodarek regionalnych. W związku z tym powinien on być postrzegany jako impuls do zmian, mających na celu budowanie większej odporności na podobne sytuacje. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie autorskiej koncepcji badania społeczno‑ekonomicznych konsekwencji kryzysu wywołanego pandemią COVID-19 oraz wyzwań pojawiających się w obliczu zidentyfikowanych problemów rozwojowych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że do niezbędnych wartości, które trzeba wzmocnić, aby stworzyć nowoczesną i odporną gospodarkę regionalną, należą kompetencje, wiedza naukowa i technologiczna, kapitał finansowy oraz bezpieczeństwo publiczne i społeczne. W celu wzmocnienia wartości priorytetowych warto przyjąć określone style działań, które pozwolą na efektywne wykorzystanie endogenicznych zasobów regionu. Są nimi elastyczność, dywersyfikacja, komunikacja i współpraca. Autorzy posługują się metodą analizy naukowej i dedukcją, ponadto odwołują się do własnych obserwacji zjawisk społeczno‑gospodarczych oraz krytycznej analizy literatury i dokumentów strategicznych.
EN
Research background: Among the determinants of the socio-economic development of the region, an important role is played by its endogenous potential. It is reflected in the industry structure of the region, formed in the process of its historical development. The industry structure is the basis for the development of regional specialisations. One of the criteria for defining specialisations is the employment structure by sections and divisions of the national economy. The definition of regional specialisations is indispensable for planning the development policy and for formulating regional strategies. Purpose of the article: The main objective of the paper is the analysis and evaluation of employment structure as a criterion for the delimitation of industries identified as smart specialisations in the region. The study covers the case of selected region in Poland at NUTS-2 level ? the voivodeship of Małopolska.  Methods: The study is based on GUS unpublished data (Statistics Poland) for 2009 and 2018. It makes use of descriptive statistical analysis methods and structure and dynamics ratios, as well as Florence?s specialisation coefficient. Findings & value added: The research has shown that the employment structure indicating the presence of the region's specialisation in given industries is an important, but not sufficient criterion for the evaluation, whether the delimitation of industries recognized as smart specialisations was appropriate. In the light of the conducted research, it seems fully justified to grant the status of smart specialisation in Małopolska to Information and Communication Technologies as well as to Creative and Leisure Industries. In the context of changes to employment dynamics and structures, the possible development-oriented smart specialisations are as follows: Manufacture of metals and metal products, Electronics and machine industry, and Chemistry. On the other hand, the identified specialisations: Life science and Sustainable energy are not in line with changes in the region?s employment structure. The paper proposes one of the possible ways of precise identification of distinctive regional industries with high development potential. The structure of employment and changes occurring in this area make it possible to determine the main forces of the region's endogenous potential, and thus may form the basis for the determination, and in the longer term, assessment of the relevance of identified regional smart specialisations. The added value of the study is, therefore, an attempt to assess, on the example of a selected region, to what extent changes in regional specialisations reflected in the existing employment structure confirm the accuracy of the selection of industries identified as regional smart specialisations. The presented case is an exemplification of the proposed method, which can also be successfully applied to other European regions.
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