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Psychologické súvislosti konšpiračných teórií

100%
Halama P.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2019
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vol. 63
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issue 3
312-324
EN
ries, which is frequently discussed topic in these days, especially due to potential negative impact on society. The study provides a review of basic psychological theories and approaches dealing with conspiracies and defines basic terms related to this topic as conspiracy theories or conspiracy mentality. The psychological explanations of conspiracy beliefs acceptance involve several underlying psychological processes such as personality and psychopathology, intra and inter-group dynamics, uncertainty and control management or evolutionary based cognitive mechanisms. Possible negative consequences of conspiracies include aggressive behavior, increasing prejudices or negative health-related attitudes or behavior. The study concludes that conspiracy theories should be considered as complex, multifactorial phenomenon resulting from interplay of personality, cognitive and social factors.
SK
Prehľadová štúdia sa zameriava na konšpiračné teórie, ktoré sú dnes často diskutované najmä kvôli potencionálnemu negatívnemu dopadu na spoločnosť. Štúdia poskytuje prehľad základných psychologických teórií a prístupov zaoberajúcich sa konšpiráciami a definuje základné pojmy súvisiace s touto témou ako konšpiračné teórie či konšpiračná mentalita. Psychologické vysvetlenie akceptácie konšpiračných presvedčení pracuje s viacerými pôsobiacimi procesmi, ako je osobnosť či psychopatológia, vnútro či medziskupinová dynamika, manažment neistoty a kontroly, alebo evolučne dané kognitívne mechanizmy. Možné negatívne dôsledky konšpirácií zahŕňajú agresívne správanie, zvýšené predsudky alebo negatívne so zdravím súvisiace postoje či správanie. Štúdia prichádza k záveru, že konšpiračné teórie sú komplexný multifaktorový jav a dôsledok interakcie medzi osobnostnými, kognitívnymi a sociálnymi faktormi.
2
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Sociálne a religiózne koreláty zmysluplnosti života u ľudí v staršom veku

63%
Halama P., Semancová S.
E-psychologie (E-psychology)
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2014
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vol. 8
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issue 2
1-10
EN
The study focused on the social and religious correlates of life meaningfulness in elderly people. 180 respondents were administered Life Meaningfulness Scale, Social Support Survey MOS, Swedish Religious Orientation Scale and Religious Salience Scale. Besides these, demographic data related to the type of respondents’ household were collected. The results showed that social support and type of household significantly related to life meaningfulness, and direction of the relationships suggested that social relationships were important source of life meaningfulness. On the other hand, religiosity did not show clear relations with meaningfulness, because extrinsic religiosity had only weak negative relationship with meaningfulness and intrinsic religiosity and religious salience did not correlate with meaningfulness. Analysis of moderation effect of gender and type of household on the relationship between life meaningfulness and religiosity showed that intrinsic religiosity had positive relationship only in males and this relationship is higher if respondent lived in the household with relatives.
SK
Štúdia sa zameriava na sociálne a religiózne koreláty zmysluplnosti života u ľudí v staršom veku. 180 respondentom vo veku od 65 do 75 rokov boli administrované Škála životnej zmysluplnosti, Dotazník sociálnej opory MOS, Švédska škála náboženskej orientácie a Škála náboženskej významnosti. Okrem toho boli zisťované demografické údaje o type domácnosti, v ktorej respondenti žijú. Výsledky ukázali, že sociálna opora aj typ domácnosti významne súvisia so životnou zmysluplnosťou, pričom smer vzťahu naznačuje, že sociálne vzťahy sú dôležitým zdrojom životnej zmysluplnosti. Na druhej strane, pri religiozite sa neukázali jednoznačné vzťahy, vonkajšková religiozita korelovala so zmysluplnosťou slabo negatívne, zvnútornená religiozita a významnosť religiozity so zmysluplnosťou nekorelovali vôbec. Analýza moderačného efektu rodu a typu domácnosti na vzťah medzi životnou zmysluplnosťou a religiozitou ukázala, že zvnútornená religiozita pozitívne súvisí so zmysluplnosťou iba u mužov, a tento vzťah je intenzívnejší keď muž býva v domácnosti s príbuznými.
3
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Gender differential item functioning in Slovak version of neo five factor inventory

63%
Kohút M., Halama P.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2019
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vol. 63
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issue 1
71-83
EN
Objectives. Presence of differential item functioning (DIF) in psychological measurement tools can indicate the presence of bias between groups. The present study is focused on analysing DIF between males and females in the Slovak version of NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Sample and settings. The sample consists of 1016 respondents (40,6% males) from Slovakia, with mean age of 25.97 years (SD=13.42). Statistical analysis. For DIF analysis Mantel’s test in DIFAS 5.0 software, ordinal logistic regression and Poly-SIBTEST were used. Results. The final results show 18 items with medium and large uniform DIF, 6 of them identified by all the methods used. One item showing purely non-uniform DIF was identified. Deletion of identified DIF items caused notable change in scale score differences between males and females in Openness to experience scale. Possible factors causing DIF are discussed. Presence of the identified DIF items does not suggest that NEO-FFI is severely biased against males or females. Limitation. Limitation of the present study lies mainly in the general sample. Future studies should verify these findings on age specific samples.
4
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Uniformné odlišné fungovanie položiek (DIF) u mužov a žien v Eysenckovom osobnostnom dotazníku : Porovnanie troch metód analýzy

63%
Kohút M., Halama P.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2017
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vol. 61
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issue 6
559-574
EN
Objectives. Differential item functioning (DIF) can be assessed through multiple methods based on classical test theory or item response theory. The study is focused on comparing items identified as functioning differentially in males and females by Mantel-Haenszel chi-square procedure, logistic regression and SIBTEST method. Sample and settings. The sample consists of 507 Slovak respondents, 258 men (50,9%) and 249 women (49,1%), aged from 18 to 65 years (M=42,44; SD=12,75). Statistical analysis. The correlations between effect sizes of individual methods were computed as well as matching percentages in identified DIF items, matching percentages in items categorized as showing moderate and large DIF, and relative matching percentages in categorization of DIF items before and after purification. Results. The results show strong correlations between individual methods as well as rather good matching percentages in identified DIF items (57,15–100%), which shows medium to high consistency of these methods. Weaker matching percentages were identified in categorization of items by DIF severity. The categorization for logistic regression seems to be especially problematic, since the matching percentage between logistic regression and other methods in items labelled as moderate and large DIF were only 14,29–50%. The matching percentages between Mantel-Haenszel procedure and SIBTEST were 57,15–83,33%. The relative matching percentages are similar. Items showing moderate or large DIF identified by all three methods are present in all three subscales. Limitation. The limitation of this study is particularly the size and diversity of the sample, which is sufficient for conducted analysis, but it would be appropriate to carry out further research on other samples to confirm the findings.
SK
Ciele. Odlišné fungovanie položiek (DIF) možno skúmať prostredníctvom viacerých metód založených na klasickej teórii testov ako aj teórii odpovede na položku. Štúdia je zameraná na porovnanie identifikovaných odlišne fungujúcich položiek skupín mužov a žien, resp. konzistenciu výsledkov Mantel-Haenszelovej procedúry, logistickej regresie a metódy SIBTEST. Výskumný súbor. Výskumný súbor tvorí 507 respondentov zo Slovenska, 258 mužov (50,9 %) a 249 žien (49,1 %), vo veku od 18 do 65 rokov (M = 42,44; SD = 12,75 %). Štatistická analýza. Skúmané boli vzťahy medzi mierami efektu jednotlivých metód, zhoda 574 / Metodické studie v identifikovaných položkách, zhoda v kategorizácii položiek ako stredne závažne a závažne odlišne fungujúcich a relatívna zhoda v tomto zaradení pred a po purifikácii. Výsledky. Boli zistené veľmi silné vzťahy medzi jednotlivými metódami, ako aj pomerne vysoká zhoda v identifikovaných odlišne fungujúcich položkách (57,15–100 %) pri podmienke p < 0,05, čo hovorí o pomerne vysokej konzistencii uvedených metód. Nižšia zhoda bola zistená v kategorizácii identifikovaných položiek podľa závažnosti DIF. Problematická sa zdá byť najmä kategorizácia logistickej regresie, pretože zhoda s ostatnými metódami v označení položiek ako stredne závažne až závažne odlišne fungujúcich bola len 14,29–50 %. Zhoda v tomto kritériu medzi Mantel-Haenszelovou procedúrou a SIBTESTom bola 57,15–83,33 %. Skúmanie relatívnej zhody prinieslo podobné zistenia. Štúdia tiež ukázala, že položky, ktoré boli v zhode všetkých použitých metód zaradené do kategórie stredne závažného a závažného DIF, sa nachádzajú vo všetkých troch subškálach. Obmedzenia štúdie. Limitáciou tejto štúdie je najmä veľkosť a rozmanitosť výskumného súboru, ktorý je pre uskutočnené analýzy dostačujúci, no bolo by vhodné uskutočniť ďalšie výskumy na iných súboroch pre potvrdenie týchto zistení.
5
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The psychometric properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire in Slovakia

51%
Halama P., Kohútová V., Havan P., Kohút M.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2024
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vol. 68
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issue 1
49-66
EN
Objectives. The study focuses on the psychometric examination of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Slovak translation. Sample and settings. The sample consisted of 1368 Slovak participants (mean age 41.58 years). To assess the questionnaire's stability over time and predictive power, a subset of participants (421 adults) was invited to retest after approximately six months. Statistical analyses. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the internal structure of the MLQ and its measurement invariance across gender and age groups. Item response theory (IRT) using a single-factor generalized partial credit model was applied for item analysis. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was performed to examine the predictive power of the MLQ. Results. The MLQ showed good internal consistency for both subscales, but the CFA showed perfect fit only for the Presence of Meaning subscale; fit for the Search for Meaning subscale was borderline acceptable. Both subscales were found to be invariant across gender and age groups. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between Presence of meaning and subjective well-being, whereas Search for meaning was only weakly correlated or not correlated at all. Longitudinal analysis revealed that the Presence of meaning (but not the Search for meaning) significantly predicted life satisfaction after controlling for personality and emotion-based measures of well-being. Limitations. The limitation of the study is specific sample recruited through a research panel agency based on self-selection of participant.
6
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Psychometric properties of Slovak short and extra-short forms of Big Five Inventory–2 (BFI-2):

51%
Kohút M., Halama P., Soto C. J., John O. P.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2020
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vol. 64
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issue 5
550-563
EN
Objectives. The current study is focused on reporting psychometric properties of the BFI-2 short and extra-short forms in Slovakia. Sample and settings. Data were collected from a Slovak general adult sample (N = 801, 51.2% females) using an online research panel. Statistical analysis. Analysis focused on exploring the factor structure, gender differences, correlations with age and predictions of well-being criteria of the short forms and comparing these forms to the full BFI-2 item set. Results. Random intercept exploratory factor analysis showed that most items loaded on their intended factor in the short form; in the extra-short form a few cases of weak loadings or cross-loadings occurred. Part-whole correlations with the full form were strong. Compared to the full form, the short forms also showed a similar pattern of gender differences and correlations with age, suggesting quite strong congruence of these forms. Focusing on the prediction of selected well-being criteria, the short forms retained 88-94% of explained variance compared to the full form. In sum, these results suggest that short forms of the Slovak BFI-2 are appropriate when a short measure of the Big Five personality factors is needed but should be used with caution and whenever possible, full form should be used. Limitations. Limitations of the current study lie mainly in embedded administration of BFI- 2 shorter versions within full BFI-2, absenting investigation of test-retest stability and selfpeer congruence of results obtained by the short forms of BFI-2.
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