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K NĚKTERÝM OTEVŘENÝM PROBLÉMŮM PRÁVNÍ ODPOVĚDNOSTI

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Bejček J.

Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)

2019

vol. 102

issue 5

390 – 410

The concept of legal responsibility is counted as one of the most unclear, controversial and rather confused topics both in Czech legal theory and in the legislature. The disunity has been substantially raised by the recent Czech Civil Code declaring so called positive content of „responsibility“ unlike former negatively perceived „liability“. Some scholars argue that Czech legislature and language (and consequently, Slovak ones as well) are not reasonably able to discern between these two aspects („responsibility“ and „liability“) at all. This article strongly disagrees with this thesis and offers some rather traditional solutions. It criticizes inconsistent use of legal terminology in the Czech Civil code having got in contradiction with the announced legally-ideological foundation and one of the allegedly principal changes in the re-codified Czech private law. The envisaged change of terminology tends to be more confusing than helpful. The attempt to solve the purported Czech problem by introducing new concept in polysemous terms is called into question. From the practical viewpoint, there are more important problems of legal responsibility than its „correct“ naming, anyway, e.g. the basic principle of responsibility (subjective, objective, composite – mixed), bearing the burden of proof, forseeability of damage, multiple damages, the extent of damages in context with new technologies etc. These questions deserve more attention than purely terminological disputes.

European Courts as Value-Harmonizing “Motors of Integration”

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Bejček J.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

2014

vol. 7(9)

13-30

The paper first deals with the conditions and prerequisites of adopting European law before the former „real-socialist” countries joined the EU. The key role of European Courts is described by showing that they worked as de facto virtual legislators even before accession. It is emphasized that European Courts have provided the courts and antitrust authorities of new Member States with an inestimable value-based orientation. The EU judicial practice enhanced national legal standards and legal culture in the respective countries. The second part of the contribution contrasts with this positive tone. An example of a serious inconsistency in values between the Court of Justice of the EU and the European Commission is shown concerning their divergent views on “uni-sex insurance” and the draft directive on women’s representation in board member positions. There is substantial disagreement in this matter, which weakens and endangers the integrative role of the CJEU and its habitual value-confirming impact. This disparity could to some extent depreciate the role of European Courts as „motors of integration”.

Le document traite d'abord sur les conditions et les préalables de l'adoption de la législation européenne avant que les anciens pays «vraiment» socialistes aient rejoint l'UE. Un grand rôle des juridictions européennes est décrit d’une manière suivante: ils travaillaient en réalité comme des législateurs virtuelles même avant l'adhésion. Il est souligné que les tribunaux et les autorités de la concurrence des nouveaux Etats membres de l'UE ont été fournis d’une orientation axée sur la valeur inestimable par les juridictions européennes. La pratique judiciaire de l'UE renforçait des normes juridiques nationales et de la culture juridique dans les pays respectifs. La deuxième partie de la contribution contraste avec ce ton positif. Un exemple d'une grave incohérence de valeur entre la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne (CJUE) et la Commission européenne, concernant la divergence entre la CJUE et la Commission européenne dans une affaire qu'on appelle «l'assurance uni - sexe» et le projet d'une directive sur la représentation des femmes aux postes de membres du conseil d'administration est présenté. Il y a un désaccord important dans cette matière qui affaiblit et met en danger le rôle intégratif de la CJUE et son impact habituel de confirmation de valeur; il pourrait, en quelque sorte, déprécier le rôle des tribunaux européens étant des «moteurs de l'intégration».

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1 Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)

1 Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

2 Bejček J.

1 2019

1 2014

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K NĚKTERÝM OTEVŘENÝM PROBLÉMŮM PRÁVNÍ ODPOVĚDNOSTI

European Courts as Value-Harmonizing “Motors of Integration”