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Wodociąg jako istotny element infrastruktury technicznej wsi

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Gładysz R., Zakład Ekonomiki Regionalnej i Ochrony Środowiska U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 143
EN
The social and economic transformations taking part in villages, and especially a growing concern about persona] health and hygiene, equipment of houses with internal sanitary facilties and intensification of agricultural production (particularly animal breeding) produce a rapidly growing demand for water supplied by means of a collective or local water-supply systems. Meanwhile, the development of this system, and especially of network systems, is highly unsatisfactory in villages. This is primarily due to a strong dispersal of village settlements, structure of villages and long years of negligence in this respect after the war. A more pronounced progress in this field did not occur until 1965, and particularly during the last decade. In 1970 only 12.2% of flats in villages were equipped with water-supply systems and 5.8% with bathrooms. In 1988 these figures rose to 65.8% (of which - 29.6% of network water supply) and 50.7% respectively. In 1993 they were estoimated at 72.7% and 58.6%. These propostions still fall considerably behind those in towns and, moreover, they are considerably differentiated spatially. One of the main causes of such differentiation, apart from the negligence of post war period, are different traditions in particular regions of Poland. The administrative provinces in the north-west of Poland and those of Katowice, Bielsko and Opole (fig. 5) can boast the highest share of fiats equipped with water supply systems exceeding 85%. The lowest share under 60% is recorded by the central-eastern part of Poland and especially the provinces of Radom (43.8%) and Siedlce (47.0%). Using wells has become here a dominant system of provision with water, which hardly contributes to hygiene and economic progress. Moreover, the quality of water taken from the well very often does not fulfil standards of drinking water.
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Wstęp

100%
Jewtuchowicz A., Zakład Ekonomiki Regionalnej i Ochrony Środowiska U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 143
XX
wstęp
3
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Ewolucja systemu decyzyjnego dla lokalizacji inwestycji w gminie i regionie

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Cymerman A., Zakład Ekonomiki Regionalnej i Ochrony Środowiska U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 143
EN
Over 100 years have lapsed since the Construction Act for the Royal Capital City of Cracow was passed on 18th July 1883. Since that time the legal regulations concerning spatial planning, architectonic and technical-construction solutions have changed many times. After 123 years of Poland’s partitions, the first construction act was issued in 1928 in the form of the Decree of Polish Republic President, which contained technical-construction regulations and principles of building towns and settlements. The new construction act after the Second World War came out in 1961. Constant legal and economic changes, and especially the reform of political, financial and self-government systems after 1990 made it necessary to adopt a completely new act of law thus abandoning the method of its constant updating. The present construction law and regulations pertaining to spatial development were introduced on the strength of the Act of 7th July 1994, which came into force as from 1st January 1995. The division of powers between the administrative district, region, province and the central institutions is the first step towards brining the Polish law closer to the European regulations, an attempt to increase the independence and self-government of administrative districts imposing an obligation on the authorities and investors to include in their location decisions the costs and benefits with a due respect for ownership rights, and mainly private ownership.
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Kilka uwag o gospodarce gruntami rolnymi

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Joachimiak N., Zakład Ekonomiki Regionalnej i Ochrony Środowiska U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 143
EN
The article points at legal determinants governing the management of arable lands, which was made a responsibility of the administrative district by the Self-government Act of 1990. The main issue here were the funds with which the administrative district should be equipped to fulfil this responsibility. That is why the article analyzes not only the Spatial Development Act of 7th July 1994 being a basis for the control of land use but also regulations corresponding with it and concerning protection of environment. The performed analysis shows that the spatial development plan equips the local authorities with possibilities of both controlling land use and land protection as well.
5
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Poziom opłat i kar oraz opłacalność ochrony środowiska w przedsiębiorstwie

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Niedomagała J., Zakład Ekonomiki Regionalnej i Ochrony Środowiska U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 143
EN
In the present article a special attention has been drawn to some theoretical aspects of influencing ecological charges and penalty fees level. An attempt has been made to answer the question: “Are the present charges and fees a substantial financial burden for enterprises and do they stimulate them to implement ecological measures” . The results of the surveys into it conducted in 11 big enterprises representing different branches of industry have been presented.
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Rozwój terytorialny a strategie lokalizacyjne przedsiębiorstw

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Jewtuchowicz A., Zakład Ekonomiki Regionalnej i Ochrony Środowiska U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 143
EN
Two trends can be observed in the transformation processes of world economy. On the one hand, enterprises analyze their growth strategies on a global scale. Their interrelationships go far beyond national boundaries. We can, thus, speak about in ternationalization of economic exchange and emergence of partnership ties between multinational corporations. On the other hand, they are closely linked with the local environment creating local production systems. Hierarchical structures existing hitherto are replaced by network systems with many specializations and directions of development, which compose new territorial dynamics. Simultaneously, “globalization” and “ territorialization” of production are also pointed out. Two main phenomena characterize this process of transformations and exert a strong influence on behaviours and choices made by entrepreneurs. These arc decentralization of powers connected with a new logic of management and an important role and a strong influence exerted on restructuring processes by new technologies. Decentralization of powers accounts for a new role assigned to local self-governments, which, to an increasingly bigger degree, assume responsibility for local and regional development. 1 he governments of many countries are more and more convinced that these are local self-governments at different administrative levels (towns, districts, regions) which are an appropriate palce for the introduction of changes and especially those concerning the development and transfer of new technologies. New technologies are a challenge of our times. Technical progress has become today a primary factor stimulating and determining economic growth of leading countries in the world becoming also the main field of international rivalry.
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