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1

CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF STRUGGLE FOR THE POLISH ISSUE AND FOR THE POLISH LEGIONS (Przyczynek do dziejów walki o sprawe polska i o Legiony Polskie (sierpien 1914 - styczen 1916)

100%
Wrzosek M.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
|
2008
|
vol. 6
135-155
EN
Political struggle for independence was resumed on July 28, 1914, i.e., on the day of the outbreak of World War I. The most important question asked in those days concerned the attitude the Habsburg monarchy was to assume. Two delegates, Hipolit Sliwinski and Stanislaw Downarowicz of the functioning in Galicia 'Commission of Confederated Independence Parties' (Komisja Skonfederowanych Stronnictw Niepodleglosciowych), who were to elucidate this issue, were not in a position to do it. During their stay in Vienna the delegates did not manage to be granted an audience by Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, so to Cracow they returned with nothing. The mission of Juliusz Leo did not bring crucial effects either, even though he acted as leader of the Polish Democratic Party (Polska Partia Demokratyczna). He was satisfied with the lecture of the emperor's planned rescript, which confirmed the announcement of the proclamation of the Polish state with the Sejm in Warsaw. This project, however, was of little significance, as Austro-Hungary did not wish to conclude the Polish issue by granting independence. Leopold Berchtold stated it clearly in the instruction for the Austro-Hungarian ambassador in the Hague, von Giskry. Juliusz Leo, however, was not familiar with the content of his instruction, that is why skilful Austrian diplomats managed to put him off with some empty promises. Yet, as a result of his efforts the 'Supreme National Committee' (Naczelny Komitet Narodowy, abbreviated as NKN) was created. It became a political superior authority of the 'Polish Legions' (Legiony Polskie). The main participant of further struggles for Polish independence was Józef Pilsudski, commander of the First Brigade of the Legions (I Brygada Legionów). Among his opponents were Wladyslaw Sikorski - head of the NKN War Department (Departament Wojskowy NKN) and chief of 'Komenda Legionów Polskich' - Captain Wlodzimierz Zagórski - head of the Polish Legions Command headquarters. Austrian politicians were seriously concerned about the increase of activities aiming at independence under commander Pilsudski's leadership, yet the attempts of their suppression turned out to be useless.
2

POLISH MILITARY MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA IN 1917 (Polski ruch wojskowy w Rosji w 1917 roku)

100%
Wrzosek M.
Studia Podlaskie
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2011
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vol. 19
271-306
EN
Radicalization of the political situation in Russia in autumn 1917 led to the overthrow of Interim Government and taking over power by the Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars. These changes were accompanied by Bolsheviks' aspirations to abolish the I Polish Corps and increasing deterioration of conditions for the operation of associations functioning in the Russian Army from April 1917 as associations of Polish military men, whereas published documents refer mainly to the activity of one of them, which, however, was the most active, i.e., the Association of Polish Military Men of the 2 Army. It results from the documents' content that apart from serious concerns about the lot of all Poles who were still within the ranks of Russian military forces, there were also worries about securing their return to the homeland. What is more, warnings addressed at them not to get involved into Russian domestic matters, particularly into an armed confrontation between the revolution's advocates and opponents, were of great significance. Furthermore, the published documents also contain a lot of information about a hard lot of Polish exiles who were dragged to Russia in 1915, i.e. during the retreat of Russian troops.
3

DOCUMENTS OF POLISH MILITARY UNITS IN RUSSIAN TROOPS OF THE ROMANIAN FRONT AND THE HISTORY OF THE II POLISH CORPS 1917-1918 (Dokumenty polskiego ruchu wojskowego w formacjach rosyjskiego Frontu Rumunskiego i losy II Korpusu Wojsk Polskich, 1917-1918)

100%
Wrzosek M.
Studia Podlaskie
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2010
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vol. 18
329-420
EN
Published documents reflect the course of events which aimed at the formation of the II Polish Corps comprising Poles who had been serving in the units belon- ging to the forces of the Romanian Front. These major Russian operational units, which were mainly present during the warfare in the areas of Podole, Bukowina and Bessarabia, were commanded by General Dymitr Szczerbaczew. In November and December 1917 these forces still included several thousand Poles. They were dispersed in individual formations and units of the above mentioned front, whereas their vast majority belonged to the military associations of Poles that were operating there. Central Boards appointed for the headquarters of all the armies of the Romanian Front played a crucial role in the operation of the Polish military associations. Their importance increased particularly after the overthrow of the Provisional Government by Bolsheviks as Russia suffered from serious communication difficulties which hindered contact with the Chief Polish Military Committee that was functioning in Petrograd under the command of the Warrant Officer Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz. Such were the circumstances surrounding the I General Meeting of Polish Military Associations of the Romanian Front. The debate lasted from 25th November to 2nd December (according to the old calendar), i.e. from 7th to 15th December 1917. Towards the end of the debate the Polish Military Committee of the Romanian Front (PKW FR) was appointed. Leon Bobicki was elected its president. PKW FR's activity appeared to be fruitful since from the end of the first decade of December 1917 the formation of the II Polish Corps started and Poles serving in the Russian units of the Romanian Front came to join it. The Corps's commander was General Sylwester Stankiewicz whereas General Wladyslaw Glass was appointed commander of the 4th Rifle Division. On 6th March 1918, the Polish Legions II Brigade commanded by Colonel Józef Haller merged with the II Polish Corps located in Soroki on the middle Dniester. This brigade forced their way through the Austrian-Hungarian Army's positions in Rarancza on 15th February 1918. PKW FR functioned until 9th April 1918 and continued its activity as the Chief Military Council of the II Polish Corps (NRW II KP). President of this new organ, which was also composed of the representatives of the Polish Legions II Brigade, continued to be Captain Leon Bobicki. Chief Military Council of the II Polish Corps finished its activity on 28th April 1918 when the Corps's command was taken by the Brigade Commander Józef Haller. The published reports also contain a note on securing documents of PKW FR and NRW II KP.
4

DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY FIGHT FOR THE RETURN OF THE UPPER SILESIA TO POLAND (Dyplomatyczna i zbrojna walkao powrot Gornego Slaska do Polski)

100%
Wrzosek M.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
|
2011
|
vol. 9
135-162
EN
The article is devoted to the events that led to the decisions about the beneficial for Poland division of the Upper Silesia in 1921. The Upper Silesia, extending over the territory of 12 320 square kilometers, is the land situated in the Upper Odra river basin. In the middle of the XIV c. it was torn away from the mother country and from 1742 it belonged to Prussia, as Regierungsbezirk Oppeln in the Province of the Upper Silesia. In 1910 as many as 2 308 000 people lived there. The most insightful research shows that Poles, dreaming about reunion with their motherland, constituted 64% of the inhabitants of this area. When Germany was defeated in World War I, it looked as if their dream might come true. Diplomatic bargaining of the victorious Coalition Powers with the defeated Germans resulted in the decision stating that the future of the Upper Silesia would be decided in a plebiscite. During the preparations for the plebiscite further diplomatic discussions lasted and staunch Polish-German political struggles took place. Additionally, regular military fights were conducted three times during the Silesian Uprisings (1919, 1920, 1921). Final decisions concerning the division of the Upper Silesia were made on 20 October 1921. They proved to be beneficial for Poland and that is why the third military confrontation went down to posterity as a victorious uprising.
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