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1

Stan i perspektywy badań nad liczbą ludności Polski w późnym średniowieczu i w początkach epoki nowożytnej

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Guzowski P.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2015

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vol. 37

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issue 2

7-26

EN

The article summarises the state of research on Poland’s population in the late Middle Ages and at the beginning of the Early Modern Times; at the same time it indicates the necessity and possibility of correction of the present assessments. So far historical demographers have been concentrating on counting the country’s population at two temporal points: 1340 and 1580. In the first case they concentrated on the registers of Saint Peter’s pence, and in the other – on the tax registers. The two sources do not inform directly on the size of the population, but rather on the amount of paid taxes: per head, per household, the size of acreage or the value of property. For almost a hundred years a special methodology has been created to use those sources for the needs of demography, and in the literature there have appeared several conversion factors to assess the size of the population. In spite of all that and because of the imperfection of the source basis, a defective edition and different conversion factors applied by various researchers, the assessments of the size and structure of the population of the Kingdom of Poland in the late Middle Ages and at the beginning of the Early Modern Times that have been made so far, are not entirely satisfactory.

2

Geneza europejskiego modelu małżeństwa na przełomie średniowiecza i czasów wczesnonowożytnych z perspektywy historii Polski

100%

Guzowski P.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2012

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vol. 31

7-41

EN

Since the publication of John Hajnal’s articles, the European marriage pattern not only has become an important issue in demographic studies, but has also been tackled from the point of view of economic history, as well as history of law or culture. All scholars, including the author of the concept, have focused largely on establishing the characteristics of the model, its geographical spread as well as various consequences; only recently have there been works, by Michael Mitterauer and two scholars from Holland, Jan Luiten van Zanden and Tine de Moor, trying to explain the origins of the phenomenon. The aim of the present article is to look at the interpretations presented in their publications from the point of view of social-economic transformations taking place in Poland in the late Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modern era, using the experiences of Polish historiography, unknown to the authors of the theories in question. The author of the article points to elements occurring in Poland conducive to the emergence of the European marriage pattern, elements such as: emphasis of the Catholic Church on the consent of the future spouses as the basis of marriage, varied inheritance system which very often guaranteed women full rights to inherit the property after the death of their parents, development of the labour market as well as early appearance in agricultural economy of the hide system. However, they did not affect the fact that women got married at a later age in Poland, but did affect the predominance of the nuclear family in Polish society. Polish research points to various causes of the emergence of the individual traits of the European family in Poland. According to van Zanden’s and de Moor’s hypothesis, getting married at an older age applied mainly to hired workers, and their share in Polish society was much lower than in Western and Northern Europe, increasing only in the 19th and 20th centuries. On the other hand, the predominance of the nuclear family was associated with the hide system, which appeared in Poland alongside colonization under German law as early as in the 13th century, spreading across the country by the end of the 16th century.

3

Demografia rodziny szlacheckiej w świetle najnowszych badań genealogicznych

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Guzowski P.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2011

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vol. 30

7-16

EN

The article is a demographic analysis of medieval gentry families based on the results of genealogical research. Thus the information contained mainly in town and court registers is used here indirectly. These sources make it possible to determine two demographic issues: family longevity and number of children surviving till adulthood. The author has collected information about 168 marriages (first and subsequent marriages). A gentry marriage concluded in the late 14th century and in the 15th century would last on average 18 years (median — 16). Among those relationships, 138 were first relationships for both partners; they lasted 19 years on average. Subsequent relationships lasted on average about 13 years (median — 11). The studied couples had 571 children who survived till adulthood. Among them there is a clear preponderance of sons (311) over daughters (260), meaning 120 boys for 100 girls, a ratio resulting from the fact that girls were not so diligently recorded in sources. The offspring per gentry family was calculated in two ways. First, the author counted the children registered by the sources. On average there were 3.4 children (median — 3) surviving till adulthood per one gentry family, with the average in first marriages being 3.6 (median — 3.5) and in subsequent marriages — 2.3 (median — 2). Then to the total number of children the author added 51 daughters, potentially not registered by the sources. Thus he obtained a gender balance characteristic of this age group. After the daughters were added, on average there were 3.7 children per marriage (3.9 in first marriages and 2.9 in subsequent marriages). In the 15th century, marital relationships among the gentry lasted on average several years longer than relationships among the aristocracy, townspeople and peasants in the 16th century. On average, gentry women bore at least 6–8 children in their fecund period. 3–4 children survived till adulthood, a number no greater than that in other groups in society.

4

Jaśmina Korczak-Siedlecka, Przemoc i honor w życiu społecznym wsi na Mierzei Wiślanej w XVI–XVII wieku

100%

Guzowski P.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2022

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vol. 87

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issue 1

164-168

5

Kryzys gospodarczy późnego średniowiecza czy kryzys historiografii?

100%

Guzowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2008

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vol. 68

173-192

EN

The presented text is a voice in a discussion on the economic crisis affecting Polish territory during the Late Middle Ages. The author proposed a polemic with the theses contained in the chapter entitled The East and the West. European economy in the fourteenth-fifteenth centuries, published in: Polish Lands and the West. Studies on the Growth of Mediaeval Europe, edited by S. Gawlas. The hypothesis formulated by M. Dygo about a crisis of grain farming, animal husbandry and some of the crafts is based on an analysis of fifteenth-century prices. The author maintains that the present-day state of research makes it impossible to accept the suggested thesis. A comparison of fifteenth-century prices from Cracow, issued in 1935 by J. Pelc, contains fragmentary data, and all conclusions drawn upon this basis give rise to serious methodological doubts. Furthermore, studies dealing with the Polish economy during the Late Middle Ages (in contrast to the early modern era) were never part of a popular current of research, and our knowledge remains slight. In addition, during the past decades economic historiography has been experiencing a profound crisis of its own and has not offered new monographs which would entitle building justified hypotheses about the state of the late mediaeval economy as a whole. This is the reason why all theses validating or toppling the conception of an economic crisis in Polish lands during the twilight of the Middle Ages remain mere theoretical constructions.

6

The Origins of the European Marriage Pattern in Early Modern Period from the Perspective of Polish History

100%

Guzowski P.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2013

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vol. 108

7

Demographic conditions of the functioning of peasant families at the turn of the Middle Ages

100%

Guzowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2013

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vol. 73

EN

Demographic conditions of the functioning of peasant families at the turn of the Middle Ages(Summary)The main aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of applying judicial sources to a demographic analysis of 15th- and 16th-century peasant families. The appearance of village court records is connected with the promulgation of German law on Polish lands and the emergence of the institution of local government headed by the bailiff, who together with peasant aldermen performed judicial duties. Over 70% of the village court records deal with the land market, rents, wills, matters of inheritance, loans and liens, criminal and moral cases, and disputes among neighbours. The subject of study in the present article is one of the oldest Polish village court records from the village of Trześniowa, 1409–1609, published by Helena Polaczkówna. The study focuses on three problems: the duration of the peasants’ economic activity, the size of families and territorial selection of spouses. The average duration (mean) for the investigated period was 24 years but the median was only 21, with visible discrepancies between particular subperiods. Peasants who remained active the longest were those who began their activity in the 15th century (mean – 25, median – 24). One hundred years later, this period was several years shorter (mean – 21.5; median – 20). The variations in the durations of peasants’ economic activity can also be observed in the social dimension. The average duration of the economic activity of members of the peasant elite (bailiffs, aldermen) amounted to 26 years (median – 25) and was significantly higher than among peasants who never performed any official functions. The average number of children registered in the court roll fluctuated throughout the period under investigation. In the case of 45 families whose children reached maturity in the 15th century, the mean was 1.7. In the following century the average rose to 3 children per family. However, among the offspring recorded in the court records there was a marked disproportion regarding gender, to the advantage of men, so women who are missing in the source should be added in order to achieve a balance. The observation of the reconstructed families in Trześniowa points to substantial differences in the number of children reaching adulthood in both groups of the peasant population. Throughout the entire investigated time period, in elite families the average number of children reaching adulthood amounted to 3.8 whereas among other peasants it was one child less. Trześniowa’s inhabitants married citizens of towns located at some distance from their family village – marriages were concluded with people living within 80 km of Trześniowa.

PL

Demographic conditions of the functioning of peasant families at the turn of the Middle Ages (Summary)The main aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of applying judicial sources to a demographic analysis of 15th- and 16th-century peasant families. The appearance of village court records is connected with the promulgation of German law on Polish lands and the emergence of the institution of local government headed by the bailiff, who together with peasant aldermen performed judicial duties. Over 70% of the village court records deal with the land market, rents, wills, matters of inheritance, loans and liens, criminal and moral cases, and disputes among neighbours. The subject of study in the present article is one of the oldest Polish village court records from the village of Trześniowa, 1409–1609, published by Helena Polaczkówna. The study focuses on three problems: the duration of the peasants’ economic activity, the size of families and territorial selection of spouses. The average duration (mean) for the investigated period was 24 years but the median was only 21, with visible discrepancies between particular subperiods. Peasants who remained active the longest were those who began their activity in the 15th century (mean – 25, median – 24). One hundred years later, this period was several years shorter (mean – 21.5; median – 20). The variations in the durations of peasants’ economic activity can also be observed in the social dimension. The average duration of the economic activity of members of the peasant elite (bailiffs, aldermen) amounted to 26 years (median – 25) and was significantly higher than among peasants who never performed any official functions. The average number of children registered in the court roll fluctuated throughout the period under investigation. In the case of 45 families whose children reached maturity in the 15th century, the mean was 1.7. In the following century the average rose to 3 children per family. However, among the offspring recorded in the court records there was a marked disproportion regarding gender, to the advantage of men, so women who are missing in the source should be added in order to achieve a balance. The observation of the reconstructed families in Trześniowa points to substantial differences in the number of children reaching adulthood in both groups of the peasant population. Throughout the entire investigated time period, in elite families the average number of children reaching adulthood amounted to 3.8 whereas among other peasants it was one child less. Trześniowa’s inhabitants married citizens of towns located at some distance from their family village – marriages were concluded with people living within 80 km of Trześniowa.

8

Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Klasztor w gospodarce średniowiecznej i nowożytnej” – Wrocław, 18–20 X 2012

100%

Guzowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2012

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vol. 72

9

Michael Mitterauer, Why Europe? The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path, tłum. G. Chapple, Chicago–London 2010

100%

Guzowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2011

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vol. 71

10

Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Upieniężnienie – kiedy moneta staje się pieniądzem” – Nowa Sól 25–26 XI 2010

100%

Guzowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2011

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vol. 71

11

Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Przegląd badań nad historią gospodarczą w XXI wieku” – Łódź, 28–29 IX 2010

100%

Guzowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2011

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vol. 71

12

Atlas historyczny Polski a badania nad stanem i strukturą ludności Polski w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

100%

Guzowski P.

Studia Geohistorica

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2022

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issue 10

189-199

EN

The article aims to trace the evolution of the concept of the Historical Atlas of Poland and, in particular, the role of estimates of the size and structure of the population in the second half of the sixteenth century on maps and in comments in the subsequent volumes of the series. Basing the study of settlements on tax registers provided an opportunity for demographic reconstructions, which were made for two regions of Poland: the Płock Voivodeship and Royal Prussia. The model of working on the atlases was changed in 1964, and minimised the importance of historical demography, limiting its role to grouping settlements according to their size.

PL

Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie ewolucji koncepcji Atlasu historycznego Polski, a w szczególności roli szacunków liczby i struktury populacji w drugiej połowie XVI w. na mapach i w komentarzach w kolejnych tomach serii. Oparcie badań nad osadnictwem na rejestrach podatkowych dało szansę na rekonstrukcje demograficzne, które zostały wykonane dla dwóch regionów Polski: województwa płockiego i Prus Królewskich. Zmieniony w 1964 r. model prac nad atlasami zminimalizował znaczenie demografii historycznej, ograniczając jej rolę do pogrupowania osad według ich wielkości.

13

Przeliczniki demograficzne w szacunkach zaludnienia miast w Królestwie Polskim w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

63%

Guzowski P., Poniat R.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2015

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vol. 37

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issue 2

77-93

EN

The article presents the methods of computing the size of urban population in the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the 16th century. As there are no sources such as censuses the assessments of the population have had to be carried out on the basis of indirect sources, which cannot be precise. The most popular method of computing the size of urban population consists in counting the buildings situated in the town in question, which had been registered in inventory or tax sources. The authors analysing the date of the whole early modern period, especially the 18th-century Austrian registers have come to the conclusion that the value of the conversion factor should be related to the type of buildings. In the case of most Polish towns dominated by wooden buildings the conversion factor should be six people per one house. If we have the information on the number of houses, the calculations of the size of population should be carried out on the basis of the data contained in the land tax collection registers, which register the number of urban mansi and the heads of households of the population composed of craftsmen, tradesmen and landless tenants.

14

Przeliczniki demograficzne w szacunkach zaludnienia terenów wiejskich w Królestwie Polskim w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

63%

Boroda K., Guzowski P.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2015

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vol. 37

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issue 2

53-75

EN

The article presents methods of computing the size of the population in the rural areas of the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the 16th century. As there are no sources such as censuses the assessments of the population have been carried out on the basis of indirect sources, which cannot be precise, such as registers of land taxes of the years 1578–1581; they give information on the number of mansi (a mansus, laneus, a field measurement equal to 16.8 hectares) in a village that belonged or were used by peasants, village headmen, impoverished gentry, innkeepers or were just empty mansi. In addition to that, the tax was supposed to be paid by landless lodgers (with and without cattle), craftsmen, millers, ore miners and representatives of other proto industrial professions. According to a suggestion made by Irena Gieysztorowa the authors compare the data of the tax collection of 1552 (from peasant’s households) with the chronologically closest ones of the 1560s (the land taxes), which allows to regionally differentiate the conversion factor of the number of peasant households in relation to the taxed mansi, representative also of the turn of the 1570s and the 1580s. Moreover, the authors have used the findings of historical demography of the last decades, among other things the conversion factors of the size of households of several groups of rural population. On the basis of the research on the 16th century economy the authors have established the conversion factors of how big was the demand of the farms for permanent hired workforce.

15

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Laboratory for Analysing Connections between Confessions, the Demographic Regime, and Human Capital

63%

Guzowski P., Poniat R.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2017

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vol. 116

PL

Religion played a key role in the normative systems of early modern societies. This article is an introduction to a more extensive project, in which we will conduct a historical analysis of the role of religion in economic, demographic, and civilizational growth. We believe that the sources that have survived from the early modern period provide ample data to allow for quantitative studies on this subject. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth appears to be an excellent laboratory because of its unique religious diversity, which allowed for the relatively peaceful coexistence of many religions on its territory. In this paper we analyse censuses from the second half of the eighteenth century which registered the mixed denomination/religious populations of villages (the Zabartowo parish), a small town (Kępno) and a big city (Warsaw). We try to show that these censuses can be used not only in typical demographic studies on family structures, but can also be successfully used in research on human capital in religiously diversified societies.

16

„Że zaś w wieku cyfr cyframi tylko poprzeć można twierdzenie...” – raz jeszcze o kondycji polskich badań nad historią gospodarczą

63%

Guzowski P., Poniat R.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2015

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vol. 75

PL

“That in the age of numbers, numbers only can be turned to for supporting one’s propositions” – once more on the Polish studies of economic history (Summary)The authors, in referring to the paper written by Rafał Matera and published in this issue, argue that good studies from the field of economic history should 1) offer analyses informed by a social and economic theory; 2) make use of comparative methods, including as an advisable option the quantification of a series of data; 3) create or rely on specialized databases. Through the analysis of a number of works, the authors show that present-day Polish economic historians often fail to meet the requirements outlined above, thus making Polish historiography lag increasingly behind the historiography of other countries.

17

Miejsce badań kwantytatywnych we współczesnej historiografii polskiej

63%

Guzowski P., Poniat R.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2013

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vol. 73

EN

The place of quantitative research in modern Polish historiography (Summary)The article discusses the use of quantitative methods in studies on Polish history. The database with information on tables and schedules in annual volumes of selected specialist (general and socio-economic history) journals and other periodicals was the basis for the deliberations. A statistical analysis of the data obtained showed a gradual decline in the use of quantitative methods. From the 1970s, tables and graphs took up less and less space in the periodicals and statistical techniques were gradually simplified. With the exception of “Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski” (Poland’s Demographic Past) this process continues. In the authors’ opinion this increases the gap between Polish and global socio-economic historiography.

18

Sprawozdanie ze szkoły letniej „Środowisko – człowiek – gospodarka”, Białystok, 2–6 IX 2019 r.

63%

Guzowski P., Łozowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2019

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vol. 80

19

Standardy i jakość życia w historiografii światowej. Przegląd badań i problemów

63%

Guzowski P., Poniat R.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2016

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vol. 76

PL

Autorzy opisują historię badań nad standardami życia w przeszłości oraz wskazują na różnicę między nimi a studiami nad jakością życia. Artykuł zawiera też przegląd metod badań nad standardami, skupiając się na najważniejszych z nich, dotyczących takich zagadnień, jak konsumpcja, płace realne i obliczenia PKB per capita, biologiczny standard życia, wskaźniki demograficzne (oczekiwana długości życia, umieralność noworodków i niemowląt), nierówności ekonomiczne, alfabetyzacja i umiejętność liczenia.

20

Internetowe bazy danych w badaniach nad historią społeczno-gospodarczą

63%

Guzowski P., Poniat R.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2012

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vol. 72

Refine search results

Stan i perspektywy badań nad liczbą ludności Polski w późnym średniowieczu i w początkach epoki nowożytnej

Geneza europejskiego modelu małżeństwa na przełomie średniowiecza i czasów wczesnonowożytnych z perspektywy historii Polski

Demografia rodziny szlacheckiej w świetle najnowszych badań genealogicznych

Jaśmina Korczak-Siedlecka, Przemoc i honor w życiu społecznym wsi na Mierzei Wiślanej w XVI–XVII wieku

Kryzys gospodarczy późnego średniowiecza czy kryzys historiografii?

The Origins of the European Marriage Pattern in Early Modern Period from the Perspective of Polish History

Demographic conditions of the functioning of peasant families at the turn of the Middle Ages

Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Klasztor w gospodarce średniowiecznej i nowożytnej” – Wrocław, 18–20 X 2012

Michael Mitterauer, Why Europe? The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path, tłum. G. Chapple, Chicago–London 2010

Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Upieniężnienie – kiedy moneta staje się pieniądzem” – Nowa Sól 25–26 XI 2010

Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Przegląd badań nad historią gospodarczą w XXI wieku” – Łódź, 28–29 IX 2010

Atlas historyczny Polski a badania nad stanem i strukturą ludności Polski w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

Przeliczniki demograficzne w szacunkach zaludnienia miast w Królestwie Polskim w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

Przeliczniki demograficzne w szacunkach zaludnienia terenów wiejskich w Królestwie Polskim w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Laboratory for Analysing Connections between Confessions, the Demographic Regime, and Human Capital

„Że zaś w wieku cyfr cyframi tylko poprzeć można twierdzenie...” – raz jeszcze o kondycji polskich badań nad historią gospodarczą

Miejsce badań kwantytatywnych we współczesnej historiografii polskiej

Sprawozdanie ze szkoły letniej „Środowisko – człowiek – gospodarka”, Białystok, 2–6 IX 2019 r.

Standardy i jakość życia w historiografii światowej. Przegląd badań i problemów

Internetowe bazy danych w badaniach nad historią społeczno-gospodarczą