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Podstawy teoretyczne zmian w polskiej polityce rynku pracy

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Kwiatkowski E.
Polityka Społeczna
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2015
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vol. 42
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issue 2 (18T) Reforma polityki rynku pracy
13-16
EN
The paper tries to seek for theoretical sources of the changes of labour market policy introduced in Poland in 2014. The investiations indicate the active labour market policy is based on the findings of Keynes’ theory, theory of mismatch and search theory. Theoretical sources of profiling the unemployed are contained in the theories underlying negative effects of long-term unemployment and the need to improve policy effectiveness by means of better addressing of the programmes. Strong emphasis put on vocational trainings is supported by the theories of human capital and search. New solutions strengthening the motivation system of employees in the labour offices are justified by the neoclassical theory of behaviour of economic agents as well as the effiiency wage theory.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje próbę poszukiwań teoretycznych korzeni zmian w polityce rynku pracy wprowadzonych w Polsce w 2014 r. Rozważania wskazują, że aktywna polityka państwa na rynku pracy oparta jest na argumentach teorii Keynesa, teorii niedopasowań strukturalnych i teorii poszukiwań. Teoretyczne źródła profilowania bezrobotnych tkwią w teoriach podkreślających negatywne skutki bezrobocia długookresowego i potrzebę poprawy efektywności polityki rynku pracy poprzez lepsze adresowanie programów. Silny akcent położony na rozwój szkoleń zawodowych nawiązuje do argumentów teorii kapitału ludzkiego i teorii poszukiwań. Nowe rozwiązania wzmacniające system motywacyjny pracowników urzędów pracy znajdują swoje uzasadnienie w neoklasycznej teorii postępowania indywidualnych podmiotów, a także w teorii płac efektywnych.
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Labour Market Institutions and Productivity. Labour Utilisation in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Beata Woźniak-Jęchorek and Michał Pilc, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York 2021, 338 ss.

100%
Kwiatkowski E.
Ekonomista
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2021
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issue 4
563-569
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Controversies on the Economic Effects of Fixed – Term Employment – Evidence from the OECD Countries

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Kwiatkowski E.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
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2016
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vol. 11
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issue 3
195-209
EN
This paper focuses on fixed-term employment in the OECD countries, its trends and conditions, as well as controversies regarding its significance for flexibility of employment and labour market segmentation. Statistical data show that fixed-term employment significantly increased its share in total employment in many OECD countries in the last quarter century. The reasons of this trend can be sought in the lower labour cost of this type of employment, and the ease with which this group of employees can be dismissed, which was in part a result of the relaxed legal protection of fixed-term employment in the nineties. Analyses indicate that the increase in the share of fixed-term employment affect employment elasticity nonlinearly according to the shape of the letter U. The analyses support the hypothesis about the segmentation of the labour market as a result of the development of fixed-term employment.
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Problem zatrudnienia w pracach Adama Smitha i Dawida Ricarda

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Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E. P.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1984
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vol. 36
EN
The article deals with analysis of Smith's and Ricardo's opinions on the problem of utilization of labour resources in the capitalist economy against the background of characterization of the epoch and literature of the subject. In the centre of the analysis is the concept of full utilization of labour resources put forward by Smith and accepted by Ricardo. The author advances a thesis that in as much as the concept expressed conditions prevailing in Smith's epoch it, however, failed to correspond to Ricardo's times. That is why Ricardo put forward a thesis of creation of "population surplus" corresponding to conditiona prevailing in his tires, which in the author's opinion is an expression of originality in Ricardo's thoughts although the fact that Ricardo does not reject Smith's concept being so much different in its sense proves his great inconsistence.
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Methodological aspects of labour market research based on the labour force survey in Poland

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Kwiatkowski E., University of Łódź C. o. M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2008
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vol. 216
EN
The paper focuses on methodological aspects of labour market research on the basis of Labour Force Survey (LFS) in Poland. The analysis shows that methodology covers both the subject of research (the scope of research as well as aspects of researched reality) and applied scientific methods. Scientific methods should be adjusted to the scope of research and the aim of research. Labour Force Survey conducted in Poland since 1992 constitutes an important source of information about labour market. It enables to conduct research on labour demand, labour supply, structural imbalances and, moreover, on basic relationships which exist on labour market. Knowledge of basic labour market theories facilitates such research. Mathematical approach and quantitative methods, especially econometric methods, are of great importance for explanation of relationships existing on labour market (thus, when research is conducted within the scope of positive economics); nevertheless, they are insufficient when labour market research is conducted within the scope of normative economics or economics as art.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są metodologiczne aspekty badań rynku pracy na przykładzie badań aktywności ekonomicznej ludności w Polsce. Z analizy wynika, że metodologia badań obejmuje zarówno przedmiot badań (zakres badań i rodzaj aspektów badanej rzeczywistości), jak i stosowane metody badawcze. Metody badawcze winny być dostosowane do przedmiotu i celu badań. Badania aktywności ekonomicznej ludności prowadzone w Polsce od 1992 r. są ważnym źródłem informacji o rynku pracy. Umożliwiają podejmowanie badań na temat podaży pracy, popytu na pracę, niedopasowań strukturalnych, a także podstawowych zależności występujących na rynku pracy. W badaniach tych pomocna jest znajomość głównych teorii rynku pracy. Podejście matematyczne oraz metody ilościowe, zwłaszcza ekonometryczne mają zasadnicze znaczenie dla objaśnienia zależności występujących na rynku pracy (a więc, gdy prowadzone są badania w kategoriach ekonomii pozytywnej); są one jednak niewystarczające gdy badania prowadzone są w kategoriach ekonomii normatywnej i ekonomii jako sztuki.
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Bezrobocie w Stanach Zjednoczonych po II wojnie światowej - podstawowe tendencje i skutki społeczno-ekonomiczne

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Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1996
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vol. 138
EN
The paper undertakes an analysis оГ the basic trends, features and socio-economic effects of unemployment m the United States after World War II. The statistical survey conducted by the author confirmed a significant increase in the unemployment rate and considerable oscillations in that rate in the 1970s and 1980s A tendency towards growth of the share of long-term unemployment was observed, which points to a growing role of structural unemployment in the US economy. The analysis of the effects of unemployment presents the most important of the negative macroeconomic, microeconomic and social effects of that phenomenon. An attempt has also been made to quantify them. The major parliamentary acts and documents underlining the responsibility of the state Tor the situation in the labour market in the American economy are presented in the final part of the paper.
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Spór J . M. Keynesa i A. C. Pigou w kwestii zatrudnienia

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Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E. P.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 49
EN
The article tackles a problem concerning a polemic between Keynes and Pigou with regard to the employment issue, which is quite important for understanding of transformations in the contemporary bourgeois economy.
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Bezrobocie regionalne w okresie przedakcesyjnym w Polsce

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Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2003
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vol. 170
EN
The paper shows regional variation of unemployment in Poland and indicates its main determinants, especially the role played by supply and demand sides of the labour market, regional economic structures and employment flexibility. The analysis shows the highest unemployment in the regions with the predomination of state agricultural farms in pre-transformation period and traditional industries which did not get financial support from the government. The best situation in the labour market is in the regions with modern economic structures and traditional industries which got support from the state. Market mechanisms operating in the transformation period did not reduce regional variation of unemployment. State regional and structural policy should be addressed at two types of regions: with highly developed traditional industries which require deep restructuring and agricultural regions which require transfer of labour force from agriculture to services
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Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy a stan rynku pracy w krajach Unii Europejskiej

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Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. E.-S.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2013
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vol. 281
EN
The main goal of the paper is to describe development levels of the knowledge based economy in the EU countries and labour market performance in those countries. Special attention is given to the relationship between the development of the knowledge based economy and labour market indicators in the EU countries. The empirical basis of the research is based on statistical data of the World Bank and Eurostat. The analysis indicates that labour market indicators are positively related with the development levels of the knowledge based economy.
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Zatrudnienie w polskiej gospodarce w kontekście integracji z Unią Europejską

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Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2006
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vol. 201
PL
Artykuł przygotowany w 2004 r.; oddany do druku w 2005 r.
EN
The paper analyses tendencies and perspectives of employment in Poland in the process of integration with the European Union. Employment forecasts are based on the model in which employment is dependent on GDP. The analysis shows a difficult labour market performance in Poland in the pre-accession period. The main thesis of the paper is the influence of Poland’s membership in the EU upon labour market performance in Poland depends much on time horizons. In the short run one can rather expect negative impact on labour market performance, but in the medium and longer run positive influences should predominate.
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The Labour Market in Łódź Voivodeship Between 1999 and 2007

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Kwiatkowski E.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2008
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vol. 11
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issue 1/2
PL
Wydrukowano z dostarczonych Wydawnictwu UŁ gotowych materiałów
EN
The study aims at presenting change tendencies in employment and unemployment in the Łódź voivodeship and in its poviats between 1999 and 2007. Analysis shows that total employment in the voivode ship decreased by 19% from 1998 to 2006. However, the situation seems to be taking a more favourable course, because employment in 2006 was higher compared with 2005 by ca 2%. In the analysed years, the structure of employment changed as well. Especially the service-providing sections of economy increased their employment, but the modern industries’ share in employment is far too low. The light industry continues to be an important factor shaping employment. Numbers of unemployed persons in the Łódź voivodeship and in its poviats were varying. A falling number of unemployed persons and a declining unemployment rate have replaced since 2005 the init ially predominant unemployment growth tendencies. Within the structure of unemployment, young persons, women, urban residents, persons with low education and without qualifications are the most common.
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Polish Labour Market Compared with other EU Member States

100%
Kwiatkowski E.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2008
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vol. 11
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issue 1/2
PL
Wydrukowano z dostarczonych Wydawnictwu UŁ gotowych materiałów
EN
The study primarily intends to show major tendencies occurring in the Polish labour market, as well as their determinants, vis-à-vis EU labour markets. Particularly interesting are tendencies that characterise economic activity, unemployment, employment and the sectoral structure of employment. Both the number of economically active persons and the economic activity rate were falling in Poland in the transition period, even though the tendency was not very distinct. It caused, however, that today’s economic activity rate in Poland is one of the lowest among EU countries. In the transition years, the number of employed persons varied significantly; downward tendencies in years 1992-1995 and 1998-2004 alternated with growth tendencies between 1995 and 1998 and after 2004. Comparisons of Polish employment rates with indicators describing other EU countries show that the former are very low. In the transition years, numbers of unemployed persons showed relatively strong variations. In years 1990-1993 and 1998-2003 unemployment was spreading, while between 1994 and 1997 and after 2004 it was falling. Analyses allow us to conclude that the dynamics of economic growth is important for the evolution of the size of employment and unemployment in the Polish economy, and indirectly also for the course of economic activity. Labour market institutions are important for shaping economic activity, employment, and unemployment. Their modification or deeper restructuring can entail advantageous changes in key labour market indicators.
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Koncepcje socjalizmu jako systemu społeczno-gospodarczego w ujęciu Johna Stracheya i Richarda H. S. Crossmana

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Kwiatkowski E., Instytut Ekonomii Politycznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1989
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vol. 98
EN
Tho article is devoted to analysis of concepts of socialism put forward by John Strachey and Richaird H. S. Crossman, two leading representatives of the British Social-Democratic thought in the postwar period. It shows a major evolution of Strachoy's views, who initially identified socialism with of planned economy based on social ownership of means of production to shift later on to positions similar to Crossman's standpoint stressing th slogans of freedom, equality and participation of workers in management. These concepts contain certain elements of progressive character, which can be found in advocated postulates expressing a relative improvement of the socio-economic situation of the working class. Their progressive social character is, however, restricted to a big extent. The concepts put forward postulates of some socio-economic reforms assuming stabilization of basic institutions of capitalism.
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Problemy rozwoju ekonomicznego w myśli labourzystowskiej

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Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E. P.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1982
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vol. 22
EN
The article contains a presentation of the views of the labourist thought on the economic development problems. The basic source of materials was provided, on one hand, by the post-war official documents of the Labour Party (programmes, declarations, and election manifestos), and on the other hand, by works of two labourist theoreticians and namely of Richard H. S. Crossman and John Strachey. The object of the analysis are widely understood developmental problems concerning both the attitude taken by the labourist thought with respect to development oi so c ialist states, and its own theoretical concepts of development. An integral element of these concepts is the attitude to capitalism and the attitude towards the essence of socialism. A special emphasis is laid on the evolution of attitudes concerning these problems. The author performs an analysis of not only the views on the above problems as contained in the official documents of the Labour Party, and in the works of R. H. S. Crossman and J. Strachey but he a lso makes an attempt at their confrontation. Unlike the majority of previous works dealing with the labourist thought in the Polish literature of the subject the author places an emphasis on the positive presentation of views although he does not avoid a general assessment of these views either.
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Keynesowska koncepcja popytu na siłę roboczą

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Kwiatkowski E., Instytut Ekonomii Politycznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1987
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vol. 75
EN
The article deals witli the problem of demand lor labour in the light ot J. M. Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, which is not interpreted in a uniform way in the literature. The author of this article tries to show that the problem was not presented in the above book in an explicit manner. Alongside an original Keynes' approach according to which demand for labour is determinaed by size of the effective demand for goods, we can also find in General theory' an acceptance of a neoclassical approach treating demand for labour as a function of real wages. The author tries to prove that the neoclassical approach plays a secondary role in Keynes’ overall theoretical system, and its acceptance by Keynes is due to the fact that the author of General Theory could not free himsell from neoclassical „common wisdoms".
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Mechanizm pełnego zatrudnienia w ujęciu A. C. Pigou — analiza koncepcji i kierunki jej krytyki

100%
Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E. P.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 56
EN
The article deals with analysis of one of important aspects in the neo-classic employment theory concerning conditions and mechanisms of full employment in the economy. The analysis is based on works of a leading representative of neo-classicism Arthur Cecil Pigou. The author underlined evolution of Pigou's views on the problem in question influenced by Keynes „revolution", which is expressed in the concept of mechanism of full employment — known as „Pigou's effect" — put forward by A. C. Pigou. Performing a critical analysis of Pigou's theory, the author focusses his attention on four main trends in the critique, and namely: 1) in the part of J. M. Keynes, 2) from the point of the theory of general equilibrium, 3) „Pigou's effect critique", 4) critique of microeconomic foundation of the employment mechanism.
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Z problematyki genezy teorii trzech sektorów gospodarki

100%
Kwiatkowski E., Instyt Ekonomii Politycznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1982
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vol. 19
EN
The author discusses the genesis of main theses of the theory of three sectors in the economy. The first part of the article contains general presentation of this theory developed in the thirties by A. G. B. Fisher, C. Clark, and J. Fourastie. The author focusses his attention on problems accompanying classification of the economy according to three sectors and on causalities of structural changes in the economy. In the following parts of the article there are discussed opinions of the earlier economic authors which exerted some influence on later development of the theory of three sectors. The author underlined the significance of views of mercantilists such as W. Pstty, A. Smith, W. Surowiecki, F. Skarbek and F. List.
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Uwagi w kwestii roli pieniądza i polityki pieniężnej w ekonomii burżuazyjnej

100%
Kwiatkowski E., Instytut Ekonomii Politycznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1987
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vol. 72
EN
The analysis presented in the article is focussed on the role of money and money policy in capitalise, understood in the sense of possibilities and general effectiveness of the influence of money and money policy on economic proceenes in capitalism. The author's attention is concentrated on the influence of monetary processes on real economic processes, with their impact on inflationary procesees being treated in a marginal way. These problems are analyzed against the background of selected theories of the bourgeois economy, and namely: traditional neoclasicism , Keynesian есопощу, concept of "Pigou effect” , and monetarism. The analysis reveals a considerable divergence of views on the analyzed question, which - in the author's opinion - should be attributed both to the level of scientific cognition represented in these theories and the adopted ideological standpoint.
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THE ROLE OF LABOUR INPUTS IN CONTEMPORARY TRENDS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH

63%
KucharskI L., Kwiatkowski E.
Polityka Społeczna
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2020
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vol. 47
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issue 1(16) ENG FUTURE OF WORK
2-7
XX
The objective of this paper is to show the relationship between the size of such factor as workforce and econo-mic growth rate in the 21st century, and, in particular, to determine the contribution of this factor to the economic growth. The empirical basis for the research represents statistics for Poland and the European Union country categories for the 2000–2019 period. The research shows that shares of employment growth rates in GDP growth (the socalled employment absorption rates) are much lower in Poland than in the Eurozone, EU-15 and EU-27 categories. The estimates of the jobless economic growth limits indicate that in Poland in the 2000–2019 period they were much lower than before, and were at a much higher level than in the Eurozone, the EU-15 and EU-27 categories.
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ZNACZENIE NAKŁADÓW PRACY WE WSPÓŁCZESNYCH TRENDACH WZROSTU GOSPODARCZEGO

63%
Kucharski L., Kwiatkowski E.
Polityka Społeczna
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2020
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vol. 47
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issue 11-12(560-561)
2-7
EN
The purpose of the paper is to show relationships between the stock of labour and economic growth in the XXI. century, and especially to show the shares of this factor in economic growth. The empirical basis of the research is based on the statistical data for Poland and groups of the EU countries in the years 2000–2019. The research indicates the indicators of the shares of employment growth in GDP growth (the so-called absorption indicators) are in Poland much lower than in the country groups of the Eurozone, EU 15 and EU 27. Estimations of the limits of jobless growth indicate they are in Poland much lower in the years 2000–2019 than earlier, and moreover their levels are in Poland much higher than in the mentioned country groups.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie związków między rozmiarami czynnika pracy ludzkiej a wzrostem gospodarczym w XXI w., a w szczególności określenie udziału tego czynnika we wzroście gospodarczym. Bazę empiryczną podjętych rozważań stanowią dane statystyczne dotyczące Polski i grup krajów Unii Europejskiej z lat 2000–2019. Z badań wynika, że współczynniki udziałów wzrostu zatrudnienia we wzroście PKB (tzw. współczynniki absorpcji zatrudnienia) są w Polsce znacznie niższe niż w grupach krajów strefy euro, UE 15 i UE 27. Oszacowania granic bezzatrudnieniowego wzrostu gospodarczego wskazują, że w Polsce są one w latach 2000–2019 znacznie niższe niż wcześniej, a ponadto kształtują się na znacznie wyższym poziomie niż w grupach krajów strefy euro, UE 15 i UE 27.
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