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Kadry wojskowej służby wymiaru sprawiedliwości i ich szkolenie w Polsce w okresie międzywojennym – podstawy prawne

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Szczygieł T.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2016
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vol. XCIX
117-135
PL
Formujące się po 1918 roku polskie sądownictwo wojskowe potrzebowało kadr sędziowskich i prokuratorskich. W pierwszej kolejności w szeregi kadr sądowych i prokuratorskich weszli polscy prawnicy wojskowi, służący w sądach polowych armii byłych zaborców. Dążąc jednak do jednolitości całego korpusu służby sprawiedliwości, już od pierwszych dni funkcjonowania wojskowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości starano się przyjmować do wojska młodych prawników. Proces ich kształcenia regulowany był przez szereg aktów prawa wojskowego i instrukcji służbowych, które w sposób szczegółowy określały zarówno przebieg aplikacji wojskowej, jak i samego egzaminowania przyszłych sędziów i prokuratorów wojskowych. Wojsko stawiało jednak przede wszystkim na praktyczne przygotowanie, dlatego kariera prawnicza młodych oficerów sądowych rozpoczynała się od asystentury. W ówczesnym sądownictwie wojskowym istotne miejsce zajmowali także ławnicy.
EN
From the early beginning, polish military justice system needed well educated lawyers. First polish military judges and prosecutors came from armies of former polish invaders, especially Austrian and German. It was obvious that polish military courts will need an educations system for future military lawyers. That’s why many legal acts were prepared. New military judicial internship was concentrated on practice, that’s why young military lawyers started their career as assistants of military judges. In the contemporary, military jurisdiction also lay judges took the essential place.
2
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Poglądy Emila Stanisława Rappaporta na prawo karne i jego kodyfikację w Polsce Ludowej początku lat pięćdziesiątych

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Szczygieł T.
Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
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2019
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vol. 22
317-331
EN
The work presents the views of Emil Stanisław Rappaport on criminal law and its codification in the beginning of Polish People’s Republic. The considerations are mainly based on preserved archival materials that show the attitude of Professor Rappaport to the problems of criminal law in post-war Poland. Of significance for the article are also published sources, especially conference materials related to preparations for the 1st Congress of Polish Science, which reveal a significant discrepancy in the perception of the criminal law by academics, including Rappaport, and politicians.
PL
Praca prezentuje poglądy Emila Stanisława Rappaporta na prawo karne i jego kodyfikację w początkach Polski Ludowej. Rozważania prowadzone są przede wszystkim w oparciu o zachowane materiały archiwalne, które ukazują stosunek prof. Rappaporta do problematyki prawa karnego powojennej Polski. Istotne znaczenie dla artykułu mają również źródła publikowane, a zwłaszcza materiały konferencyjne związane z przygotowaniami do I Kongresu Nauki Polskiej, z których wynika istotna rozbieżność w zapatrywaniu na prawo karne przedstawicieli ówczesnej nauki, w tym Rappaporta, oraz polityki.
3
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Zakaz „reformationis in peius” w wojskowym postępowaniu karnym okresu międzywojennego.

100%
Szczygieł T.
Z Dziejów Prawa
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2013
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vol. 6(14)
127-150
EN
The law of appealing judicatures already constituted a grounded and unquestionable value of the military criminal trial in the first quarter of the 20th century. What was important from the point of view of an accused was a guarantee of the ban of judicature in the second of an accused in the second instance. The Polish Army, restoring after 1918, needed regulations regulating the criminal proceeding. For obvious reasons, there was no possibility to use native regulations of the prepartition period. What they decided on was using regulations of partitioned nations, namely a German and Austrian act of a military criminal proceeding. Each of these acts guaranteed the right to submit the means of appealing defined by its regulations referring to the Roman maxim Reformatio in peius iudici appellato non licet. A radical change of opinions took place in line with the army code of the criminal proceeding from 1936 that replaced foreign solutions. It included going away from the guarantee of the reformationis in peius ban, in favour of the possibility to judicature in the revision instance irrespective of a direction of appeal. It was the result of the criticism of the appealing system functioning in the common jurisdiction. Also, a revision of so far existing views on the usefulness of a criminal repression and punishment dimension took place. A new criminal procedure was undoubtedly influenced by a doctrine of a total nation that faced a favourable legislative basis. The necessity to follow the so called military reasons in a criminal proceeding derived from a new basic act from 1935.
4
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Obrońcy w sądownictwie wojskowym II Rzeczypospolitej.

100%
Szczygieł T.
Z Dziejów Prawa
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2014
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vol. 7(15)
117-141
EN
The peculiarity of military criminal proceedings consisted in their approach and regulation concerning formal defense. This approach had been equally peculiar, since in the inter-war period, it was possible to notice a certain level of distrust towards defense lawyers from outside the military circles, and preference for military personnel or lawyers who used to serve in the military. Such approach was also based upon substantive reasons, since criminal cases presented in courts-martial involved not only a degree of professionalism required of all lawyers, but also an understanding of the military structure and relationships. The defense lawyer’s ability to understand those matters benefitted not only the defendant, but also the military judicial service. This, in turn, had constituted the foundation for the emergence of a small group of lawyers and officers of the judicial service—separate from the defense lawyers appearing before the common courts—who would participate in military court proceedings. This function was performed by some of the most eminent defense lawyers of the inter-war period. For the military judiciary, the function of the military defense lawyer constituted a convenient form of practice for the future military judges and prosecutors, which manifested itself in the practice of assigning assistants and legal interns the role of court-appointed attorneys.
5
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Wojskowy wymiar sprawiedliwości II RP wobec działalności komunistycznej w armii — tzw. smutne procesy.

100%
Szczygieł T.
Z Dziejów Prawa
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2014
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vol. 7(15)
143-166
EN
Although the Peace of Riga brought an end to the military conflict between Poland and the Bolshevik Russia, the conflict continued on a different plane. Espionage, subversion, and propaganda perpetuated by the communist activists became the new area of conflict between the two countries. Military and political secret services of the USSR were able to exploit the Polish communist movement in order to achieve their own goals. In the light of those practices, both the Polish secret services and the military judiciary were under an obligation to respond. The latter could not tolerate communism within the ranks; thus, the charges of espionage, high treason, or insubordination had become an inherent part of the military judiciary practice of that time. The fight with the communist movement within the military was aided by public safety authorities and military counter-intelligence, which manifested in the trials in the form of opinions of legal experts or interviews included in the files. The communist movement, on the other hand, made every effort to ensure that the military criminal proceedings did not achieve the desired effect, establishing special guidelines in the case of an investigation.
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