The main goal of the paper is to present goals and objectives of the American foreign policy towards the Asia -Pacific region (1989 -2009). The period under discussion may be characterized by drastic changes in a global and regional geopolitical environment. In that context it is worth to monitor changes or lack of changes in the U.S. foreign policy towards this more and more important region of the world. The article refers to administrations of three U.S. presidents: George Herbert Bush (1989 -1993), William Jefferson Clinton (1993 -2001) and George Walker Bush (2001 -2009). The analysis takes into account mechanisms of shaping U.S. policy towards Asia -Pacific, a theoretical background of U.S. foreign policy and basic program documents of the U.S. administration. It is worth noticing that in spite of essential changes in world and regional systems, U.S. FP objectives towards the region remained similar, considering current political situation.
The election of Joseph Biden for the office of the President of the United States has brought expectations of fundamental change in American foreign policy, including policy toward the Asia-Pacific/Indo-Pacific region. As observed in the last few months, the reality has been more complex as definite changes in the US Indo-Pacific policy are not as visible as expected. It is especially in respect of the US policy toward China being more a continuation than a change from Donald Trump’s approach. Changes are rhetorical rather than actual policies. The situation is different in the case of alliances, as Joe Biden offers much more commitment to allies like Japan or South Korea. Also, multilateral dimensions (both regional and global) witness some – however still limited – change. The main goal is to make a comparative analysis of Joe Biden’s policy toward Asia, referring to the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Hence the strategies of pivot/re-balance toward the Asia of Obama, and the free and open Indo-Pacific strategy of Trump, will be examined. The analysis refers to the complex interdependence theory and the power transition theory. Methodologically, it is based on document analysis with comparative analysis.
The escalation of the contagion effect results in many consequences in various spheres of life. The important problem, which looks for further discussion is the impact of centralization and self-learning on the ability to response to contagion effect escalation. The system approach methodology seems to be the most appropriate one to resolve such complex issues. For this reason, a procedure of identification of system amidst contagion was developed. Consequently, it was applied to interpret the multinationals response amidst contagion. The authors suggest that each branch can build its own model of prevention against contagion within the decentralized system. Additionally, it should be based on mechanism of self-similarity and redundancy.
Telemedicine is very promising way of delivering medical services. At this moment telecardiology gives many possibilities of improving outcome of patient and very often it also decreases the costs, which makes it cost-effective solution. Unfortunately actually in Poland there are many difficulties in delivering telemedicine. There is no central refunding of procedures; hospitals are not ready with IT solutions etc. The article describes those problems in different fields of telecardiology.
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