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Postulat niedyskryminowania oszczędności w podatku dochodowym a lokowanie środków na IKE i IKZE

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Leszczyłowska A.
FINANSE Czasopismo Komitetu Nauk o Finansach PAN
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2016
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issue 1(9)
209-232
EN
A typical feature of the Polish personal income tax is a cumulative growth of the tax burden on savings over time. Investing in individual pension accounts ‘IKE’ and ‘IKZE’ allows to restrict this unfavourable phenomenon to some extent. This is possible due to a mechanism of tax preferences which are in line with the concepts of savings-adjusted and interest-adjusted income tax broadly discussed in literature. These approaches do not discriminate savings against consumption and fulfil the postulate of inter-period income tax neutrality. The aim of the paper is to answer the question to what extent investing in the accounts ‘IKE’ and ‘IKZE’ complies with the above mentioned tax concepts. In the article, a novel comparative analysis with respect to two aspects is carried out. First, formal rules governing ‘IKE’ and ‘IKZE’, with a particular focus on tax regulations, are compared. As a result, a model is developed which determines the tax effects depending on the type of the account and the way (point in time) funds are withdrawn. Second, some detailed measures introduced in practice are compared against theoretical concepts and postulates. The comparative analysis conducted in the paper reveals that, in general, the tax preferences foreseen for the both types of pension accounts comply with the theoretical income tax concepts which do not distort savings decisions. However, numerous regulations which were introduced in practice lead to a far-reaching restriction of the postulate of non-discrimination of savings against consumption.
2
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Koszt kapitału własnego w przedsiębiorstwie jako koszt podatkowy - rozwiązania modelowe

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Leszczyłowska A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
|
2014
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vol. 48
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issue 3
EN
It is common for the majority of income tax systems all over the world that the cost of debt financ- ing lowers the taxable income while financing with equity is not treated similarly. The question raised in the article is connected with the way the cost of equity financing can be calculated for tax purposes. The aim of the paper is to identify and to analyze some model approaches which allow to lower the taxable base with the cost of equity financing. Some practical experiences form several European countries are analyzed which enables to distinguish between classical model, incremental model and incremental model with a dual tax rate.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
3
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Provisions for Future Liabilities and Effective Corporate Income Tax Rate

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Leszczyłowska A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2016
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vol. 283
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issue 3
57-72
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest kwantyfikacja wpływu, jaki różnice przejściowe, występujące na gruncie przepisów rachunkowych i podatkowych, wywierają na podatkowe obciążenia przedsiębiorstw. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie, jakie skutki dla wielookresowej, efektywnej przeciętnej stopy podatku dochodowego (EATR) ma przyspieszone odliczanie niektórych kosztów poprzez tworzenie rezerw na przyszłe zobowiązania. W badaniu uwzględniono rezerwy na świadczenia emerytalne i inne rezerwy. Zastosowano dynamiczny miernik obciążeń podatkowy typu backward-looking, oparty na danych historycznych i odnoszący się do przepływów pieniężnych. Badane przedsiębiorstwa zostały podzielone na kilka podgrup w zależności od ich wielkości oraz wartości przepływów pieniężnych. W obecnej sytuacji i w odniesieniu do firm charakteryzujących się dodatnimi przepływami, najwyższe obciążenie w wysokości 33% jest ponoszone przez średnie podmioty. Dla małych i dużych jednostek kształtuje się ono na poziomie, odpowiednio, 24% i 25%. Odmienna sytuacja występuje w grupie przedsiębiorstw z ujemnymi przepływami: ich obciążenia są, ogólnie biorąc, wyraźnie wyższe. EATR wynosi 60% dla wszystkich podmiotów oraz 38%, 45% i 51% odpowiednio dla jednostek średnich, małych i dużych. W przypadku zmiany podatkowego traktowania rezerw na zobowiązania obserwuje się delikatne obniżenie efektywnej przeciętnej stopy podatkowej. Efekty czasowe w opodatkowaniu przyczyniają się do zmniejszenia EATR od ok. 1 pkt proc. (małe przedsiębiorstwa z dodatnimi przepływami) do 4 pkt proc. (małe firmy z ujemnymi oraz średnie jednostki z dodatnimi przepływami). Zmiany obciążeń podatkowych są statystycznie istotne.
EN
The paper quantifies the impact of timing differences that emerge in the case of discrepancies between accounting and tax rules on the corporate tax burden. The objective of the paper is to investigate the effect of the accelerated deductibility of company expenses via provisions for future liabilities on the multi-period effective average corporate tax rate (EATR). In the investigation, pension provisions and so-called “other provisions” are taken into account and a multi-period backward-looking measure of the tax burden based on corporate cash flows is developed. The investigated companies are divided into several subgroups according to their size and multi-period cash flow. Under the current tax law, the highest tax burden among companies with positive cash flows is observed for medium-sized firms, at 33%. For small and large enterprises, the burden takes values of 24% and 25% respectively. A different situation is observed among firms with negative cash flows: in general, the EATRs are noticeably higher in this case. Under the current tax law, the average effective tax rates are 60% for all firms and 38%, 45% and 51% for medium-sized, small and large corporations respectively.If changes are made to the ways provisions for future payments are treated under tax regulations, a slight reduction may be observed in the multi-period average effective tax burden. In general, the timing effects of the deductibility of provisions lead to an average change in the effective tax rate from –1 percentage point (in the case of small companies with positive cash flows) to –4 percentage points (in the case of small entities with negative cash flows and medium-sized entities with positive cash flows). Although the differences in the median tax burden may seem to be slight, they are statistically significant.
4
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Microsimulation as an instrument for tax policy analyses

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Leszczyłowska A.
Business and Economic Horizons
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2015
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vol. 11
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issue 1
14-27
EN
The paper deals with microsimulation – an increasingly popular instrument used for policy analysis, especially in the field of individual and corporate income taxation. The aim of the paper is twofold. First, it discusses some key aspects of microsimulation with a particular focus on its types and implementations in tax policy research. Secondly, it presents a microsimulation analysis of the effects of unlimited inter-period loss offset in corporate income tax. The investigation is based on a panel of 222 corporations active in Poland, which was derived from the InfoCredit database. The microsimulation is carried out in a multi-period setting (2007-2012). It considers a perspective of taxpayers with a particular focus on individual tax burden and distributional effects of taxation. The analysis shows that the expected overall consequences of the tax reform in question would be rather moderate, however the size of the effects would vary strongly across firms.
5
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The Relationship Between Book Profit and Taxable Income From A Research Perspective – Evidence Based On Corporations in Poland

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Leszczyłowska A.
Journal of Economics and Management
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2014
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vol. 18
92-105
EN
One of the major obstacles faced by research into corporate taxation is connected with the lack of empirical data. Since tax returns are not publically available due to confidentiality requirements, firms’ financial statements seem to be an alternative. The aim of the paper is to analyze whether financial statements are an adequate and useful source of information from the perspective of a researcher searching for data proper for a quantitative analyses of corporate taxation. The investigation is aimed at answering the following questions: In what way do corporations present their income tax liabilities and deferred taxes in profit and loss accounts? How can the amount of the tax due be derived from financial statements and what is the accuracy of the applied formula? To what extent do companies incurring book losses have also a zero tax base? The research is based on the financial statements of companies (4.059 observations within the period of four years), which were obliged to publish them in the official register Monitor Polski B, which is accessible in the database of Emerging Markets Information Services. The method applied in the paper is based on an analysis of particular items of firms’ financial statements and their formula based adjustment.
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