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PL
Problematyka politycznej partycypacji kobiet w Unii Europejskiej ma ogromne znaczenie polityczne i społeczne. Kobiety stanowią ponad pięćdziesiąt procent europejskiej populacji i tym samym stanowią większość obywateli UE, ale fakt ten nie znajduje odzwierciedlenia w reprezentacji kobiet w strukturach władzy politycznej. Artykuł poświęcony jest udziałowi kobiet w sprawowaniu władzy politycznej w UE z perspektywy ostatniego jej rozszerzenia. Zawarto w nim najpierw prezentację dotychczasowej polityki Unii Europejskiej w zakresie zrównoważonego udziału kobiet w sprawowaniu władzy politycznej. Polityka ta podlegała daleko idącej ewolucji i charakteryzowała się przyjmowaniem rozwiązań specyficznych dla danego okresu. Następnie zanalizowano ilościowy i jakościowy wpływ ostatniego rozszerzenia o 10 nowych państw członkowskich na polityczną reprezentację kobiet. W sposób porównawczy przedstawiono udział kobiet we władzy zarówno w "starej" Piętnastce, jak i "nowej" Dziesiątce, ujawniając dysproporcje między tymi dwiema grupami państw. W konkluzjach zaproponowano działania mające na celu zwiększenie udziału kobiet w polityce w rozszerzonej UE.
EN
The issue of political participation of women in the European Union is one of critical political and social importance. Whilst women have accounted for more than fifty per cent of European population, thus being in the majority among the EU citizens, the fact fails to be properly reflected in their representation in the structures of political power. The article considers women's participation in wielding political power in the EU as seen from the perspective of its recent enlargement. It begins with the discussion of the European Union's policy of balanced participation of women in political power in the pre-accession period. The policy in question has revealed significant evolution, with a number of specific solutions being adopted at each individual stage. An analysis of the influence of the recent EU enlargement by adoption of 10 new Member States upon political representation of women follows, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Further on, comparative presentation of women's participation in structures of authority in the "old" Fifteen and in the "new" ten Member States follows, revealing some disproportions between the groups. Conclusions include some proposals aiming at raising a share of women in political life in the enlarged European Union.
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyze how Europeanization is used as an instrument of the European Union’s foreign policy in the field of promoting democracy in the world . This first requires an indication that all EU activities, including its relations with the international environment, are based on specific normative foundations. They include the so-called European values regarding, generally speaking, the promotion of democracy and broadly understood human rights, as well as strengthening peace in international relations. “European values” are not only political and ideological guidelines, but also legal norms enshrined in EU treaties, so the promotion of democracy is one of the basic goals of the EU’s foreign policy. Analysis of the EU’s promotion of democracy requires the presentation of the main categories used to study this issue, i.e. showing what is understood by Europeanization, as well as by the associated concepts of democratization and socialization. Then mechanisms of Europeanization are examined, as well as its results and evaluation of its effectiveness is provided. In this respect the case study is very helpful, in that it examines the results of Europeanization in relation to the EU partner countries covered by the Eastern Partnership. The paper ends with final remarks constituting a summary of the studied issues.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyse the main characteristics of the EU’s foreign and security policy that can affect its functioning at present and in the future. Being part of the broader category which is the EU’s external policy, the EU’s foreign and security policy is plagued with numerous flaws. Reducing their impact would greatly strengthen this policy, but at the same time this depends on the resolution of the main axiological dilemma. It concerns the future shape of the whole European Union, which means that the EU needs to clearly formulate its finalité politique. The resolution of this dilemma will determine not only the future of the EU, but also the present and future shape of its foreign and security policy.
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EN
The article seeks to provide a synthetic assessment of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership, which is perceived as one of the key instruments of EU’s Eastern Policy. The author presents the genesis of this am¬bitious undertaking, followed by its principles, institutions and mechanisms, as well as the financial and economic aspects. In the final part of the article, the author examines both the shortcomings of the Partnership and its undeniable achievements.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to present important factors influencing present and future shape of the European Union. Among many important factors three of them have been chosen: globalization, collapse of the Washington consensus, as well as the shift in the international order. Author tried to show in which way the impact of those factors influences different spheres of the EU, starting with the most important issues (like an optimal model of the European integration) and coming to the economic and social matters. It was underlined that this kind of influence is reciprocal – it means that the European Union has also possibilities to change interational situation, and its ability with this regard depends on the EU’s effectiveness and performance as an international organization.
EN
Article is devoted to theoretical and methodological aspects of the foreign policy of the European Union. These refl ections come from the basic assumption that the EU, as a unique participant of international relations, has developed a specific sphere of regulating its relations with the outside world, which essentially corresponds to the foreign policy of the state. This sphere, as an unprecedented phenomenon in the international arena, however, is characterized by great indefi niteness in terms of both theoretical and methodological, as well as political practice, which include, inter alia, such basic issues as the scope and conceptual definition of this policy. The article attempts to explore the most important issues related to the specificity of EU foreign policy (in particular the relationship between the EU institutions and Member States) and proposes a definition of this policy, treated as so-called European Union’s external policy.
EN
The article comprises a concise synthesis of the so-called strategic partnership between the European Union and the Russian Federation. Starting from presenting historical context and legal foundation of this partnership, paper presents the main areas of its implementation, namely: area of international security and foreign policy; area of economic cooperation and area of democratization of Russian political life. Finally, the article tries to analyse the results and key problems in realising of the UE-Russia strategic partnership, as well as its future perspectives.
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