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EN
This paper presents the ongoing discussion about Polish party system formation and its foundations among society. It also reviews the the literature that has studied the origins of cleavage based party systems, originally presented by Lipset and Rokkan, as well as theoretical and empirical assessments. For a long period of time Polish party system was depicted as very unstable, lacking any sign of institutionalization and where voters had showed no strong ties to political parties. This paper presents an argument that since 2004 this situation has started to change. In the second part of the review it is suggested that the current state of the Polish party system gives us strong indications that the new cleavage may have come into being, namely, between liberal and solidarity values, which convincingly correlates with electorates of two biggest parties: Law and Justice (PiS) and Civic Platform (PO).
EN
The author discusses the problem of personal data security in the context of public registers, which are electronic land and mortgage registers containing data subject to protection, such as first and last names, PESEL and parents’ names. The matter is discussed in the context of the regulations of the GDPR. The scripture aims to discuss the arguments both for restricting access to electronic land and mortgage registers and for maintaining access to an unchanged extent. The article also indicates potential solutions to the current problem.
EN
The present article discusses a hybrid identity of two main characters from the novel The Forgotten by Élie Wiesel. Having left Europe, Elhanan Rosenbaum settles down in the United States. Even though he adapts to his new surroundings, he perceives himself chiefly as a Jew. When he begins to suffer from an incurable disease that causes him to lose his memory, he compels his son, who was brought up in the USA, to go to Romania. The main goal of this trip is to rescue the memory of the past from oblivion: memory as an indicator of Jewishness. Moreover, thanks to the expedition, Malkiel succeeds to strengthen his own Jewish identity.
EN
Trade unions in Poland have not built the stable and long–term relations with political parties as are observed in Western democracies. By analysing the historical and symbolic background of the transformation to a democratic civil society and free market economy, political preferences of working class, trade union membership rates, and public opinion polls, we argue that, in case of Poland, the initial links between political parties and trade unions weakened over time. Polish trade unions never had a chance to become a long–term intermediary between society and political parties, making the Polish case study a double exception from the traditional models.
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