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„Mała” i „Duża” Ojczyzna Łemków

100%

Halczak B.

Rocznik Lubuski

2009

vol. 35

issue 1

251-261

In the Ukrainian tradition the Lemkos are the inhabitants of 'Lemkivshchyna', a region extending on the northern and southern parts of the Carpathian Mountains. The area forms a specific 'peninsula' between the Polish and Slovak ethnographic regions. In Slovakia, the Lemkos inhabit the region called Saris as well as smaller areas near Spis and Zemplin. The historical Polish Lemkivshchyna is located in the Low Beskids and is 140 km long and 20-30 km wide. In the years 1944 - 1947 tragic forced migration of the local population took place in Polish Lemkivshchyna. Almost 95 thousand Lemkos, that is approximately 2/3 of the population were resettled to the USSR. The remaining part (approx. 30 - 35 thousand) were deported by the communist authorities into the Regained Territories in the West in 1947, which was an element of the 'Vistula' campaign. They were forced to settle on the area of almost 50 districts. The Lemkos community avoided this kind of experience in Slovakia after World War II. There are also smaller communities of Lemkos in Canada, the USA, Balkan countries (Serbia, Croatia) as well is in other countries. The emotional bond with the land of their ancestors is the major factor uniting the Lemkos. The relation of the Lemkos with their 'local homeland' is a specific phenomenon in the Ukrainian tradition. Fairly strong regional divisions can be observed in Ukraine. The specific characteristics were preserved by Podolians, Slobodans and Boykos. Yet these groups do not manifest the feeling of internal bond or emotional relations with the region. The Lemkos population, dispersed in many countries, has its own one and common 'local homeland' but various 'greater homelands'. For some of them Ukraine is their 'great homeland' and for others the Carpathian Ruthenia. The difficulty the Lemkos experience with specifying their national identity is not unique in Europe. People who live in the borderlands of different cultures always find self-identification problematic. The Alsatians from the French-German borderland or the Silesians from the Polish-German borderland are further examples. Hence the relation with the 'local homeland' is decisive in terms of identity.

Nabór pracowników do państwowych gospodarstw rolnych w województwie zielonogórskim w latach 1950–1956

100%

Halczak B.

UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

2019

issue 4(13)

69-83

W niniejszym artykule ukazany został nabór pracowników do państwowych gospodarstw rolnych (PGR) w województwie zielonogórskim prowadzony przez władze komunistyczne w latach 1950–1956. Województwo zielonogórskie zostało utworzone w 1950 r. w zachodniej części kraju. Do roku 1945 tereny te należały do Niemiec. Po II wojnie światowej region został przyłączony do państwa polskiego. Ludność niemiecką wysiedlono, a region zasiedlili polscy osadnicy. Dużą część terenów rolniczych województwa zielonogórskiego zajmowały PGR-y, utworzone w miejsce dawnych niemieckich majątków ziemskich. Po II wojnie światowej majątki te przeszły na własność państwa. PGR-y potrzebowały dużej liczby pracowników, lecz chętnych do zatrudnienia było niewielu. Praca w PGR-ach była ciężka i nisko płatna. Nie zapewniano także zatrudnianym mieszkań. Władze komunistyczne zwabiały do PGR-ów fałszywymi obietnicami młodych ludzi z całego kraju. Akcję tę nazywano „zaciągiem pionierskim”. Po przybyciu na miejsce zwerbowani przekonywali się, że zostali oszukani. Wynagrodzenie, które otrzymywali, nie wystarczało nawet na wyżywienie. Mieszkali często w urągających człowiekowi warunkach. Byli brutalnie wyzyskiwani. Władze komunistyczne wiedziały, że pracownicy PGR-ów znajdują się w trudnej sytuacji. Nie uczyniły jednak niczego, aby tym ludziom pomóc. W 1956 r. akcja „zaciągu pionierskiego” została zakończona.

The article presents the recruitment of employees to the State Farms in the Zielona Gora province, run by the communist authorities in the years 1950–1956. The Zielona Gora province was created in 1950 in the western part of the country. Up to 1945 these areas belonged to Germany. After World War II, the region was attached to the Polish state. The German population was displaced and the region was settled by Polish citizens. A large part of the agricultural areas of the Zielona Gora region was occupied by State Farms. They were former German estates. After World War II, the property was taken over by the state. State Farms needed a large number of employees, but there were few willing to do this job. Work at the State Farms was hard and low paid. Flats were not provided for employees. The communist authorities lured false promises of young people from all over the country to work at the State Farms. This action was called the “mobilization of pioneers”. Upon arrival, young people became convinced that they had been cheated. The remuneration they received for their work was not even enough for food. They often lived in terrible conditions. Young people were brutally exploited. The communist authorities knew that employees of State Farms were in a very difficult situation. However, the authorities did nothing to help these people. In 1956, the “mobilization of pioneers” action was completed.

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1 Rocznik Lubuski

1 UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

1 2019

1 2009

2 Halczak B.

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„Mała” i „Duża” Ojczyzna Łemków

Nabór pracowników do państwowych gospodarstw rolnych w województwie zielonogórskim w latach 1950–1956