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Teorie sociálního státu v soudobé historiografii

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EN
This article focuses on the theory of the welfare state and its use in historical research. The first part considers two classic interpretational approaches used in sociology, system theory and confl ict theory, and also their main shortcomings. Systems-theory approaches to the interpretation of welfare states usually exhibit a dependence on a metanarrative of the understanding of history as displayed by the proponents of progress. The welfare state is thus largely understood as a necessary consequence of the modernization of society. An advantage of this approach, on the other hand, is the endeavour to achieve a universalistic conception of historical interpretation, including the practices of different cultures throughout the world. Conflict theory effectively describes struggle and tension in society, the result of which may be the achievement of the recognition of fundamental social rights. On the other hand, it has a tendency to underestimate systemic factors, which are not connected with the aggregation of interests and their representation in the social system. New interpretational trends in social historiography, particularly gender history, the study of governmentality, and the analysis of discourse, point to the shortcomings of these traditional approaches. Though they have at their disposal great critical potential and are able to raise neglected questions of the history of social states, these approaches do not off er a basis for similarly broad comparative historical research in system theory or confl ict theory.
CS
Tento článek se zaměřuje na teorii sociálního státu a její využití v historickém výzkumu. První část pojednává o dvou klasických interpretačních přístupech užívaných v sociologii, systémové teorii a teorii konfliktu a také jejich hlavních nedostatcích. Přístup systémové teorie k interpretaci sociálního státu se projevuje svou závislostí na metanarativním porozumění historii, jak ukazují zastánci vývoje. Sociální stát je tak především chápán jako nutný důsledek modernizace společnosti. Na druhé straně výhodou tohoto přístupu je snaha dosáhnout universalistického pojetí historické interpretace, zahrnující praktiky různých kultur na celém světě. Teorie konfliktu efektivně popisuje boj a napětí uvnitř společnosti, jejichž důsledkem může být dosažení uznání základních společenských práv. Na druhé straně má sklon k podcenění systémových faktorů, které nejsou spojeny s agregací zájmů a jejich reprezentací v sociálním systému. Nové interpretační trendy v sociální historiografii, zvláště gender historie, studium governmentality a diskursivní analýza ukazují na nedostatky těchto tradičních přístupů. Jakkoli mají k dispozici velký kritický potenciál a jsou schopny vznášet opomíjené otázky historie sociálních států, nenabízejí tyto přístupy základ pro stejně široce komparativní historický výzkum v systémové teorii nebo teorii konfliktů.
EN
This study examines the thesis of the long 1930s. The theory of modernization diagnoses separate phases of modernity. The 1929-1945 period saw the culmination of what is known as the stage of organized modernity, which followed on to some extent from 19th century liberal modernity. Th is transformation process started in the last third of the 19th century and came to a head as a result of the great crash and the Second World War. From this standpoint the 1929-1945 period forms a unit in which the preconditions are formed for the creation of a postwar universalist welfare state and a mixed economy. The key processes here were an increase in state intervention in the economy and the promotion of social rights as a result of the experience of mass unemployment and wartime collectivism.
CS
Studie se zabývá tezí o dlouhých 30. letech. Teorie modernity určuje oddělené fáze modernity. Období 1929-1945 bylo kulminací organizované modernity, která do jisté míry následovala liberální modernitu 19. století. Tento transformační proces začal v poslední třetině 19. století a dosáhl vrcholu s krachem na burze a druhou světovou válkou. Z tohoto hlediska představovalo období 1929-1945 základ poválečného univerzalistického sociálního státu a smíšené ekonomie. Klíčovými procesy bylo zvýšení státních intervencí do hospodářství a podpora sociálních práv jako následek zkušenosti s masovou nezaměstnaností a válečným kolektivismem.
EN
This article focuses on the genesis ofthe concept of“unemployment”. The concept as we understand it today took root at the close ofthe 19*^ century, at a time when the first - very tentative - forms of unemployment insurance began to appear. Here, I am trying to capture the language used in the past to describe people who did not work, which of course was to influence the way society was to deal with such non-working people. Liberalism in the 19^ century and the ideas on the nature and tasks of man in the world that were associated with it created an anthropological description in which the importance of material assistance was supplanted by the disciplining and moral edification of fallen individuals which may be found in pre-liberal practice in the age ofEuropean mercantilism. Classical political economics also had difficulties explaining unemployment scientifically. Under its influence, particularly in the first half of the 19*^ century, attention was shifted to an individualising explanation of the origins of unemployment, situating it to a large extent within the sphere of individual responsibility. I stress here the discursive “invention” of unemployment as opposed to what is perhaps a more ingrained idea today: that unemployment simply derives from the objective economic conditions that hold under capitalism.
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Making Europe: Jak technologie utvářela Evropu?

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This review article is concerned with a series of six books published by Palgrave Publishing House between 2013 and 2019 under the label Making Europe. The series provides new perspectives on the development of European integration based on the history of technology. The authors believe that obvious teleological narratives based on political history are no longer acceptable. They also reflect the prevalent periodisation of European integration history since 1945. Instead, they put forward the concept of the "long twentieth century" (1850-2000). They believe that from this point of view it is easier to demonstrate the long-standing continuities of European cooperation. This review article focuses especially on the theoretical and conceptual issues which appear in all volumes of the series.
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Current historical debates about class formation and collective identities in the modern societies point out the importance of the analytical category of class. Th e essay reconstructs various approaches to the category of class in the modern historical writing - based on diff erentiation and polarizing social structures ( J. Kocka), class experience and class consciousness (E. P. Th ompson), class discourse (G. Stedman Jones), „imaginary institution of society“ (P. Joyce). Upon these approaches, we employ diff erent ways of historical explaining of the class formation to appreciate the issue of making and diff erentiation of normative patterns, allowing agents to identify suff ering as a social phenomenon and opening new struggles for recognition.
CS
Současné historické debaty o formování tříd a kolektivních identit v moderních společnostech poukazují k důležitosti analytické kategorie třídy. Esej představuje různé přístupy ke kategorii třídy v moderním historiografii - založené na rozrůznění a polarizaci společenských struktur (J. Kocka), třídní zkušenosti a povědomí (E. P. Thompson), třídním diskursu (G. Stedman Jones), „imaginární instituci společnosti“ (P. Joyce). Na těchto přístupech ukážeme různé cesty historického vysvětlení vzniku tříd, abychom ocenili vytváření a diferenciaci normativních vzorců, které umožnily aktérům určit utrpení jako sociální fenomén a otevřely nové boje za uznání.
EN
This review article presents scholarly debates in the field of “Big History” since the late 20th century. Pomeranz’s groundbreaking book, Great Divergence, serves as a key reference throughout the article. It analyzes the interpretive approaches of the California School, to which Kenneth Pomeranz is often attributed. The initial section of the article provides a concise summary of the fundamental approaches to the Great Divergence until the conclusion of the 20th century. Joel Mokyr categorizes these into four groups: the Social Change School (e.g., Karl Polanyi), the Industrial Organization School (e.g., Joshua Freeman), the Macroeconomic School (e.g., Walt Rostow), and the Technological School (e.g., Alfred Crosby). The second section of this article provides a concise analysis of Pomeranz’s book and his primary arguments within the interpretation of the California School. The third section is essential and outlines the ongoing debates on the crucial factors that explain the causation of the Great Divergence. These mainly address the interpretations of Chinese and Indian developments, as well as the explanations of new analytical concepts such as the industrious revolution, little divergence, and useful knowledge. Attention is also brought to the ongoing problem of Eurocentrism in history and the efforts to more rigorously pursue the ideal of global history.
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