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1

CONSENSUAL UNIONS IN POLAND: AN ANALYSIS OF THE 2002 POPULATION CENSUS

100%
Fihel A.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2005
|
issue 1(147)
104-121
EN
In this article the incidence of consensual unions in Poland is analysed. Demographic features of cohabitants, such as the place of residence, age, marital and parental status, and one economic feature - the main source of income, are of main interest. According to the 2002 Population Census, which provides this analysis with statistical data, the scale of cohabitation is very marginal and inconsiderable in the Polish population. Even though the number of consensual unions has risen twice since 1978, cohabitations amount only to 2.2 percent of all unions. Approximately every third consensual union in Poland is constituted by the young - aged 20-34 - and the never married. In this age group cohabitations are in particular popular, but still, however, the institution of marriage is the predominant type of partnership. This conclusion is supported by results of several sociological surveys quoted in the article. According to opinions of various groups of respondents, consensual unions are accepted as long as they constitute a temporary and short-lasting stage followed by marriage. The civil law, or rather possible obstacles in obtaining a divorce, is not a cause for entering consensual union. Most cohabitants are free to get married, but they do not wish to. Divorcees constitute a very numerous group of Polish cohabitants. Persons, who have already terminated marriage, more often prefer living in consensual union to entering the remarriage. Cohabitants have on average fewer children than married persons. Almost 200 thousand children, which is as low as 1.6 percent of all persons aged 0-24 in Poland, live in families constituted by a cohabiting couple. Both statistical data and results of the quoted sociological researches reflect the fact that marriage is the only accepted institution for having and raising children. In comparison with the overall Polish population, cohabitants are more prone to being dependants of other households or to living on unemployment and welfare benefits. This may result in economic instability and in lower status of consensual unions. The main conclusion of the article is that marriage is still the prevalent type of union and the only widely-accepted family-building institution in Poland. Cohabitation may be widespread among certain social groups, but in the whole society it is still marginal. That marginality discourages social scientists from studying the incidence of consensual unions in details. According to the 2002 Population Census, the picture of that phenomenon is very ambiguous and differentiated and, thus, it is worth analysing.
2

FAMILY POLICY IN AUSTRIA: A LESSON FOR POLAND

100%
Fihel A.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2007
|
issue 1(151)
61-83
EN
The article presents contemporary family policy in Austria in the context of unfavourable demographic changes, such as the decreasing number of births and the increasing instability of marriage. The extended system of family benefits and the regulations on maternity and parental leaves, being advantageous to parents, make Austria one of the most family-friendly countries in Europe. However, until the 1990s, the Austrian government supported maternal care for children and women's withdrawal from the labour market by giving priority to the provision of cost compensation of women's economic inactivity. That policy turned out to be unadjusted to both labour market requirements and social preferences.Since the mid 1990s, several new family policy measures were implemented, aimed at promoting part-time jobs for mothers, or the use of maternal and parental leaves by both parents. However, underdevelopment of institutional care for children, as well as lack of flexible work patterns, make it still difficult, to reconcile work and family in Austria. Austrian experts proved, that the prolonged parental leave had only a temporary impact on fertility. Therefore, financial transfers, which compensate direct costs of children, should be supplemented by measures aimed at improving general conditions to make them more favorable for decisions about having children, like supporting employment of parents, especially employment of young mothers, developing child care services and family-friendly institutions, in general.
3

THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF SETTLEMENTS OF FOREIGNERS LIVING IN POLAND

100%
Fihel A.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2006
|
issue 1(149)
49-67
EN
The article presents the spatial distribution of foreigners living in Poland. The data used come from the Office for Repatriations and Aliens and refer to all foreigners who were legally residing in Poland as on 1th September 2004 (84,7 thousand persons). The main countries of origin of immigrants are states of the former Soviet Union (mostly Ukraine, Russia and Belarus), next countries of the Western Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom) and finally countries of the East-Central Europe (Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro). Depending on a region of origin, foreigners form different spatial patterns of settlement and show different levels of concentration, evaluated by use of the Gini index and the Lorenz curve. Foreigners coming from the countries of the former Soviet Union settled in all regions of Poland and did not form spatial clusters. The degree of the spatial concentration is moderate for the citizens of East-European states and profoundly high for the immigrants from Far East states (above all the Vietnamese). The latter constitute ethnic enclaves in the biggest Polish cities.
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