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EN
The paper raises the issue of the functioning of Christian tradition in (post)modern Bulgarian literature in the perspective of the typical for the Western mass culture exploitation of biblical images in order to deal with various "totalisms". The subject is a novel by Philip Dimitrov Светлина на човеци (2003), which paraphrases the New Testament themes makes a (re)construction of the image of the first Christians’ comunity and aspires to create a message in accordance with Christian canon. The text appears to be an apology of God's creation and its freedom and, consequently, to stand up for the institution of the Church and the Christian roots of Bulgarian culture. However, as adapting heterodox motifs, in fact, it raises a question about the boundaries of Orthodoxy and the definition of strategy of evangelization. The aim of this paper is to interpret the modern term of apocrypha in the perspective of the essentially ambivalent experience of postmodernism and posttotalitarism, as a testimony of the worldview exploration of the writer (and the entire epoch).
Terminus
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2012
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vol. 14
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issue 25
191-217
EN
In 1628, pupils and professors of Jesuits college in Rawa Mazowiecka presented to a bride and groom a poem called “Sphinx Samsonica…” - a unique book, full of allusions and references to the emblem of classical antiquity. The poem was created during the thriving baroque period which relished in abundance and variety. It was the perfect time to publish works which had bountiful contents which were as diverse and hybrid as “Sphinx Samsonica…”.The poem, in the fabric of which a few literary genres coexist, is a perfect example of an erudite Jesuit rhetoric full of parallels and with clear citations of many ancient writers. Thus showing that one of the main pillars of the poem is the theme of antiquity. The second pillar is its emblematic character as the multiple layers of this work are visible not only in the verbal area, but also in the pictorial. The emblems are one of the innovative tendencies of this work, tendencies which had just started to appear on the pages of printed panegyrics and which would become a part of panegyric literature in the 17th century. “Sphinx Samsonica…” is original in this area not only because of the presence of emblems in the poem, but also because of the “baroque”, ornamental construction of the work in which words and pictures are woven together in a unique way. Although Sphinx Samsonica… figured in many listings and was also mentioned in the bibliography of emblematic printouts written by Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa, presenting basic information about this work, it has gone unnoticed for a long time. It is not mentioned in monographs devoted to modern epithalamiums, and it was marginally mentioned in monographs devoted to emblems. The dust of oblivion was finally wiped by Jadwiga Bednarska, who discovered the dormant potential of the pages of the Jesuits work in the first part of her book about Polish panegyric illustrations. In the second part, she considers the relationship of this work with Dutch emblems. Therefore, the work has been thoroughly researched from the point of view of the history of art. However, meticulous attention has not been lavished upon it, both from the philological point of view and also regarding the correlation between words and pictures. No research has been undertaken regarding its genre diversity and the work has been neither published, nor translated from Latin into Polish. However, the philological level is also important because it allows the research and discovery of what is hidden inside Latin comments and epigrams full of allusions to antiquity. This knowledge allows an explanation to the exact sense and meaning of the emblems, which very often are not clear and understandable at first sight. As a result, this article makes an attempt to enlighten the reader of the philological level of this work, and the foundation of the article is a presentation of the opulence of antique allusions which regularly appear in the whole text in a chosen fragment of “Sphinx Samsonica…” . Emphasis is also put on the unique and uncommon structure of the work, the main element of which is the emblems. The rich use of these two elements; their coexistence; and their complementation makes “Sphinx Samsonica…” a remarkable piece of literature.
EN
The topic of the paper is Gnostic, and therefore total, experience of the world as a bad place in the context of the postulate (resulting from the postmodern critical attitude) to replace the total programs of the world’s transformation with partial transformations. A novel by Veselin Stoyanov (1957−2014) constitutes the subject matter of the analyses. The interpretative perspective is given by the utopian/ dystopian discourse, especially by the category of ‘dystopia’ as interpreted by M. Keith Booker. The reflection is focused on the consequences of the author’s attempt at reinterpreting and even unmasking a total thought, as well as on the diagnosis of world’s corruption in relation to the social criticism. Therefore, a crucial meaning is given to the question of the writer’s involvement, and finally − to the status of evil in literature. The paper raises the question of the functioning of the dystopia in the conditions of postmodernity.
EN
The paper is devoted to the problem of the (Judeo-)Christian (biblical) tradition functioning in (post-)modern culture from the perspective of the history of ideas. The starting point is the metamorphosis of both the Bible as a text and apocrypha as its creative (re)interpretation. The objects of interest are literary paraphrases of the Evangelic story about Judas as a figure of the fallen man. In order to reveal the fundamental ideological changes of (post-)modernity there are presented functionalizations of the greatest sinner in modern Bulgarian apocrypha. It is shown that authors’ metamorphosis of Judas have made him a significant figure of the (post-)modern man. Therefore, the (post-)modern metamorphosis of the (Bulgarian) apocrypha about the God’s traitor on the one hand show the effects of the collapse of the Enlightenment project of human emancipation, and thus testify to the process of the man’s sliding into the tragic immanence, on the other − they reveal − according to Charles Taylor, Agata Bielik-Robson and Philip Rieff − the sense-making potential of para-phrase as a poetic repetition.
EN
Bulgarian Reformation? On hybridization of ideas in the process of modernization of cultureThe paper raises the question of the Bulgarian notion of Reformation both as a particular historical event and its local reinterpretations and adaptations. The focus is on the history of the concepts of “Reformation” and “Protestant propaganda” in Bulgarian culture as well as on the cultural influences of the protestant thought in nineteenth-century Bulgaria. Particular interest is given to the Bulgarian scientific discourse, especially the Marxist one, as a dominant in the Bulgarian historiography. The paper studies in depth the case of Todor Ikonomov (1835–1892), a Bulgarian enlightener involved in religious and Church matters during the National Revival, perceived as an example of meaningful hybridization of ideas of Protestant and Enlightenment origins. The main question is about the relation between secular and religious power, and thus between religion and nation, as a sign of the Modern thinking. Bułgarska reformacja? O hybrydyzacji idei w procesie modernizacji kultury W artykule podjęto problem bułgarskiego rozumienia reformacji zarówno w sensie wydarzenia historycznego, jak i jego lokalnych reprezentacji i adaptacji. Przedmiotem uwagi jest historia pojęć „reformacja” i „propaganda protestancka” w kulturze bułgarskiej, jak również wpływy myśli protestanckiej w Bułgarii w XIX wieku. Szczególne miejsce poświęcono bułgarskiemu dyskursowi naukowemu, zwłaszcza marksistowskiemu jako dominującemu w bułgarskiej historiografii. Szczegółowo przeanalizowano przypadek Todora Ikonomowa (1835–1892), bułgarskiego działacza na rzecz oświecenia narodu, który w okresie odrodzenia zaangażowany był w sprawy religijne i kościelne. Jego poglądy zostają uznane za przykład znaczącej hybrydyzacji idei o protestanckiej i oświeceniowej proweniencji. Stawiane w konkluzji pytanie dotyczy relacji między władzą świecką i religijną, a także – między religią a narodem – jako wyrazem myślenia nowoczesnego.
EN
In the trap of agnosticism: Judas according to Emiliyan StanevThe article discusses the modern sensation of complete enslavement. It offers an in-depth analysis of Emiliyan Stanev’s short story Lazarus and Jesus (Lazar i Isus; 1977) in the context of relevant entries from the author’s diaries. The article centres on the presentation of Judas as a debunker of Christ’s teaching. Stanev presents his vision of a permanent rift between spirit and reason that is not only a clear expression of the tragedy of agnosticism, but also, paradoxically, an indication that the state of ignorance is blessed, albeit impossible to achieve. Stanev’s story can be interpreted as a deeply ambiguous polemic not only with Christian religion understood as an “irrational” truth about transcendence but also with ideology, i.e. a doctrine that promises future happiness but is just as oppressive as formal secular power. W pułapce agnostycyzmu, czyli Judasz według Emiliana StanewaArtykuł omawia problematykę nowoczesnego poczucia totalnego zniewolenia. Przed­miotem uwagi jest opowiadanie Emiliana Stanewa Лазар и Исус (Łazarz i Jezus, 1977), zaś kontekstem – osobisty dziennik autora oraz rola jego Judasza jako demistyfikatora Chrystusowej nauki. Postawiona przez pisarza diagnoza wiecznego rozdarcia między duchem a rozumem staje się nie tylko kryptonimem tragizmu postawy agnostycznej, lecz – paradoksalnie – także przesłanką dla tezy o błogosławionym, choć niemożliwym do osiągnięcia stanie niewiedzy. Utwór interpretowany jest jako głęboko ambiwalentna polemika nie tyle z religią chrześcijańską jako irracjonalną „prawdą” o transcendencji, co z ideologią, tj. doktryną obiecującą przyszłe szczęście, choć równie zniewalającą jak formalna władza świecka.
EN
The end of eschatology? Searching for a modus existendi according to (post-)modern Bulgarian apocryphaThe paper is an attempt to reflect on the place of eschatological themes in modern and post-modern Bulgarian literature from the viewpoint of the istory of ideas. The objective of the study is literary paraphrases of the evangelical history of the 20th and early 21st centuries, which are perceived as modern apocrypha and thus as evidence of philosophical exploration of the epoch. These are placed in the context of three worldview systems competing in Europe: Judeo-Christian, Gnostic (Esoteric), and rationalistic (the Enlightenment), which considered as a epistemological paradigms (or ideal types) serve only as a hermeneutic perspective. In this light, the authors’ paraphrases about God’s Kingdom (and its Prophet and Messiah) give a diagnosis about the present crisis (of values), and therefore define an evil, speaking in fact about the Bulgarian search for a Modus Existendi. Their soteriological proposal bring about an eschatological perspective, revealing some ethical concepts (hidden in the author’s anthropology). The subject of interest relates to sources of salvation (i.e. the higher good), which manifest itself in the concepts of time (and narrative). Therefore, at the philosophical heart of the paper is Charles Taylor’s idea about the fundamental relation between the concepts of good, self, narrative and society. The analyses are provided in the light of the philosophical reflections of Agata Bielik-Robson, Philip Rieff, Paul Ricoeur, Luis Dupré, and Jacob Taubes.The main aim of the paper is to reveal the progressive process of internalising the sources of salvation, which makes the eschatological perspective disappear. Therefore, after a brief presentation of the Judeo-Christian and Gnostic apocrypha from the first half of the 20th century,in which the promise of (some king of) salvation is still valid, it is shown that most of the Bulgarian apocrypha written after 1989 create an absolutely nihilistic message, since with the help of the positive pattern they give a radically negative interpretation of the world, and thus essentially announce a complete lack of hope for its improvement. Paradoxically however, by creating a world without a good end, by revealing the mechanism of slipping into a Neognostic worldview (based on the reversed Gnostic spiritual monism), the Bulgarian apocrypha illustrate the need for a (re)dynamisation of the axiological sphere, the need for a restoration of multidimensional existence. In consequence, a connection is pointed out – according to Taubes – between the condition of the eschatological man, who pins his hope on the future, and the messianic necessity to approve the ontological leap. Koniec eschatologii? Poszukiwania modus existendi w świetle (po)nowoczesnych apokryfów bułgarskichArtykuł jest próbą refleksji nad miejscem motywów eschatologicznych w nowoczesnej i ponowoczesnej literaturze bułgarskiej z punktu widzenia historii idei. Przedmiotem badania są literackie parafrazy wątków ewangelijnych z XX i początku XXI wieku, które postrzegane są jako nowoczesne apokryfy, i w efekcie jako świadectwa poszukiwań światopoglądowych epoki. Teksty umieszone zostały w kontekście trzech konkurujących ze sobą na gruncie kultury europejskiej światopoglądów: judeochrześcijańskiego, gnostyckiego (ezoterycznego) i racjonalistycznego (oświeceniowego), której wszakże pojęte jako paradygmaty epistemo­logiczne (lub typy idealne) służą jedynie jako perspektywy hermeneutyczne. W tym świetle autorskie parafrazy o Królestwie Bożym (oraz jego proroku i Mesjaszu) budują diagnozę na temat aktualnego kryzysu (wartości) i w efekcie definiują zło, tj. ukazują w istocie bułgarskie poszukiwania Modus Existendi. Ich soteriologiczna propozycja aktualizuje perspektywę eschatologiczną, odsłaniającą koncepcje etyczne (ukryte w autorskiej antropologii). Przed­miotem uwagi są źródła zbawienia (tj. dobro najwyższe), które ujawniają się w koncepcji czasu (i narracji). W konsekwencji, u podstaw badania znajduje się pogląd Charlesa Taylor na temat fundamentalnego związku między koncepcjami dobra, „ja”, narracji i społeczeństwa. Analiza prowadzona jest przez pryzmat refleksji filozoficznej Agaty Bielik-Robson, Philipa Rieffa, Paula Ricoeura, Luisa Dupré i Jacoba Taubesa.Celem artykułu jest ukazanie postępującego procesu uwewnętrzniania źródeł zbawienia, powodującego zanikanie perspektywy eschatologicznej. W konsekwencji, po skrótowej prezentacji apokryfów judeochrześcijańskich i gnostyckich z pierwszej połowy XX wieku, w których to obiet­nica (jakiegoś) zbawienia jest wciąż aktualna, pokazane jest, że większość apokryfów napisanych po 1989 roku tworzy przekaz absolutnie nihilistyczny, ponieważ za pomocą wzoru pozytywnego oferują radykalnie negatywne ujęcie świata i tak w istocie głoszą kompletny brak nadziei na jego poprawę. Paradoksalnie, jednak poprzez stworzenie świata bez dobrego końca, poprzez ujaw­nianie mechanizmu osuwania się w światopogląd neognostycka (oparty o odwrócony gnostycki monizm spirytualistyczny), apokryfy bułgarskie ilustrują potrzebę ponownego zdynamizowania sfery aksjologicznej, potrzebę odbudowania wielkowymiarowości egzystencji. W konsekwencji, wskazany jest związek – w myśl Taubesa – między kondycją człowieka eschatologicznego, który lokuje swą nadzieję w przyszłości, a mesjaniczną potrzebą afirmacji ontologicznego odstępu.
EN
The paper presents a new Polish translation of the third book of Zodiacus vitae (1536) by Marcello Palingenio Stellato (Palingenius) with a short introduction and commentary.
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EN
In the Zone of Ontological PenumbraThis article is a review of the study entitled Praktyki lecznicze w prawosławnych monasterach w Bułgarii. Perspektywa antropologii (post)sekularnej [Healing Practices in Orthodox Monasteries in Bulgaria: A (Post)secular Perspective], authored by Magdalena Lubańska (Warszawa: WUW, 2019, 362 pp.). W strefie ontologicznego półcieniaRecenzja monografii naukowej Praktyki lecznicze w prawosławnych monasterach w Bułgarii. Perspektywa antropologii (post)sekularnej autorstwa Magdaleny Lubańskiej (Warszawa: WUW, 2019, 362 ss.).
EN
This article is a review of the study entitled Защото е на скрито… Християнският светоглед в творчеството на Атанас Далчев (Because It Is Hidden… The Christian Worldview in the Works of Atanas Dalchev ), byKamen Rikev ( Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 2020, pp. 340 ).
XX
The Cyrillo-Methodian tradition is one of the most important elements of cultural identity of Slavic peoples. The (hi)story about the oeuvre of SS. Cyril and Methodius has been used for the various - religious and political - purposes since the Middle Ages, however its particular significance was noticed and emphasized during the process of imagining Slavic nations in the 19th century. Since then, the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition has served as a proof of the unique contribution to the development of the Slavic civilization and as such - became a subject of a peculiar intra-Slavic competition. The palm of priority seems to belong to Bulgarians, however the claims have been also raised by (Northern) Macedonians and Slovaks. On the other hand, the mission of SS. Cyril and Methodius and their disciples was focused on the spiritual welfare of Slavic peoples, so it was also successfully incorporated for the needs of the concept of mutual Slavic cooperation, even Pan-Slavic ideology. Nowadays, proclaimed as the patrons of Europe by the Pope John Paul II, the Slavic Enlighteners are becoming a symbol of dialogue and understanding in the united Europe. Nevertheless, in some circles, they are still perceived exclusively as figures that belong to the Eastern-Orthodox Church, which is often understood from the Russian perspective.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje casus łacińskiego poematu filozoficznego zatytułowanego Zodiacus vitae, wydanego po raz pierwszy w Wenecji w 1536 r. Chociaż we Włoszech dzieło zostało zapomniane i potępione, a kości jego autora – Marcella Palingenia Stellata (Palingeniusa) – spłonęły na stosie, utwór szybko zaczął cieszyć się dużym zainteresowaniem europejskich środowisk protestanckich, trwającym kilka stuleci. Paradoksalnie jednak autor Zodiaku życia nie był protestantem, a jego poemat bynajmniej nie propagował reformacyjnych treści. W artykule omówione zostaną passusy dzieła, które były sprzeczne z założeniami reformacji oraz antyklerykalne fragmenty, które chociaż zdawały się w nią wpisywać, nawiązywały w rzeczywistości do antyklerykalnej literatury humanistycznej.
EN
The article discusses the case of Latin-language philosophical poem entitled Zodiacus vitae, which was first published in Venice in 1536. Although the work was condemned and forgotten in Italy and its author, Palingenius, posthumously burned at the stake, Zodiacus quickly won significant popularity in European Protestant circles that lasted several centuries − surprisingly so, given that Palingenius was not a Protestant and his poem did not advocate any Protestant causes. The article analyses passages from the poem that are in stark contrast to Reformation and those anticlerical passages, that – however they seem to tie in with it – were inspired by the anticlerical literature of Italian humanism.
EN
The paper is devoted to the author’s concept of modern apocrypha in the context of the two main tendencies of (Post)modernity: unmasking and paraphrasing. On the basis of the literary paraphrases of the Evangelical story, found in the Bulgarian (Post)Modern literary, there is shown a hermeneutic passage from “apocrypha as a literary mystification” (“literary apocrypha”), i.e. a concept often applied in literary studies, to “apocrypha as an epiphany of sense”, i.e. a concept which can be useful in cultural studies and in history of ideas. It is suggested that in the light of the postsecular thought, being an individual interpretation of the canon, the (Post)Modern apocrypha has a great epiphanic potential, which means that hiding minority truths, it reveals in fact some crucial, and crypto-theological, problems of the present. Drawing the axiological difference between “the unmasking apocrypha” (pseudo-gospel) and “the paraphrasing apocrypha” (epiphany of sense), the author claims that only the last one does actually incarnate Charles Taylor’s ideal of the authentic (and poetic) expression (of will), which helps in establishing an individual sense-making horizon as a positive response to the “heretical imperative” of (Post)Modernity.
EN
The paper focuses on the relations between two 16th century works: Marcellus Palingenius’ The Zodiac of Life and Mikołaj Rej’s The Image of a Good Man’s Life. The philosophical poem Zodiacus vitae fell into oblivion in Italy, but has gained considerable popularity all over Europe since the 16th century. In Poland all the greatest Renaissance humanists, such as Jan Kochanowski and Mikołaj Rej, knew and read it. The latter, clearly inspired by the work of the Italian master, published The Image of a Good Man’s Life in 1558. Since the 19th century there have been some comparative studies of The Zodiac and The Image in the field of Polish literature. This article presents the current state of the research and points out general similarities and differences between these works, regarding both the story line and philosophy.
EN
Unconventional (hi)stories of Slavic institutionsThe text is a short account of the international interdisciplinary conference „Unconventional (hi)stories of Slavic institutions” which was organized by Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Slavic Foundation and Polish Ethnological Society (Branch in Warsaw) and held in Warsaw on 23-25 October 2014. Niekonwencjonalne historie instytucji slawistycznychTekst stanowi krótkie sprawozdanie z międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej nt. „Niekonwencjonalne historie instytucji slawistycznych”, która zorganizowana została w War­szawie w dniach 23-25 października 2014 roku przez Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Fundację Slawistyczną i Polskie Towarzystwo Etnograficzne (Oddział w Warszawie).
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