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1

Geneza i przebieg konfliktu w Czadzie 1965–1984

100%

Banaś K.

Historia i Polityka

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2017

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issue 21(28)

43-52

EN

Unpopular decisions of the first president of Chad, François Tombalbaye, quickly led to dissatisfaction, mainly among discriminated Muslim people living in the northern part of the country, for Chad’s population comprises a number of tribes. They speak different dialects and have different religious beliefs, including Islam, Christianity, and Animism. Not without significance is also the fact that the borders of the country were set artificially, with no consideration of ethnic areas or historical context. As soon as in 1965, a civil war erupted and in the following year the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) was established. It was a rebel group aiming to overthrow the president. In 1975, in effect of internal terror and purge in the army, F. Tombalbaye was overthrown and succeeded by gen. F. Malloum. Yet FROLINAT continued the fight until 1979 when Hissène Habré took over. The subsequent years made the long-lasting period of bloody combat between the new president and his ex-collaborator Goukouni Oueddei. During that time, several countries started to intervene in Chadian internal affairs, including France, Libya, USA and neighboring countries. Foreign support for opposing politicians made the crisis in Chad even longer.

2

Repatriacja Polaków z Luksemburga po II wojnie światowej

100%

Banaś K.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2018

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vol. 44

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issue 1 (167)

101–115

PL

Pierwsze grupy Polaków znalazły się w Luksemburgu już pod koniec XIX w. Po I wojnie światowej państwo to było celem emigracji zarobkowej Polonii westfalsko-nadreńskiej. W latach 30. XX w. do Luksemburga udawali się również Polacy z kraju, gdzie na miejscu dostawali zatrudnienie w rolnictwie lub rzadziej w górnictwie. W czasach II wojny światowej liczba Polonii luksemburskiej poważnie spadła. Pojawiła się jednak niewielka grupa robotników przymusowych, skierowanych do pracy przez Niemców. Po zakończeniu wojny, europejskie rządy przystąpiły do akcji repatriacyjnej swych obywateli. Z inicjatywą wystąpiły władze Luksemburga, które zaproponowały Warszawie układ o wzajemnej repatriacji. Takowy został podpisany 24 VIII 1945 r. W powrocie do Polski zainteresowani byli głównie robotnicy przymusowi oraz „dipisi”. Grupy te borykały się z niezwykle trudną sytuacją socjalno-bytową. Stara przedwojenna emigracja zarobkowa zdążyła się już wtopić w otoczenie. Mimo słabej organizacji aparatu repatriacyjnego ze strony władz warszawskich, do Polski repatriowało się co najmniej 334 Polaków, głównie przez Belgię.

EN

The first waves of Polish emigrants arrived in Luxembourg at the end of 19th century. After the end of the First World War this country had become a destination of economic migration for Polish people living in the Rhine-Westphalia region. In the 1930s Poles were also leaving their country and heading for Luxembourg. There they were often employed in the agricultural sector and less commonly in the mining industry. During the Second World War the amount of Polish people in Luxembourg considerably decreased. However, there also appeared a small group of civilians who had previously been subject to forced labor for Germans. After the end of the war European governments started the process of repatriation of their citizens. The Luxembourg Authorities initiated the creation of a mutual agreement with Poland on the subject of repatriation. This document was signed on 24th of August 1945. Forced workers and ‘DPs’ were mostly interested in coming back to Poland. These groups were struggling with a deeply diffi cult social-economic situation. The previous migration wave which had appeared before the Second World War had already assimilated into the local society. Despite the poor organization of the repatriation machinery of the Polish Government, there were at least 334 people who successfully repatriated to Poland, usually through Belgium.

3

Polsko-abisyńskie stosunki handlowe w latach 1918-1939

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Banaś K.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2018

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issue 3-4 (267-268)

265-282

EN

The first trading contacts between Poland and Abyssinia took place in the twenties of the 20th century, although more developed collaboration began during the Great Depression, when Poland’s previous trade partners introduced a number of trade quotas and securities limitations. This is when the great and populated Abyssinia came to Poland’s attention. Already in 1933 a representative of The State Export Institute, Bohdan Wojewódzki, went to Addis Abeba, where he noticed a vast number of possibilities for Polish export. Local society was also very interested in establishing some closer cooperation with Poland. The country wanted to discard the impact of the great powers of the Western Europe and to protect itself from the possibility of Italian aggression. On that account, Abyssinia was striving towards collaboration with non-colonial countries. An agreement of friendship, settlement and trade between Poland and Abyssinia was signed in December 1934. It contained a clause of the highest privilege. The possibilities of cooperation were terminated by Italian aggression.

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Geneza i przebieg konfliktu w Czadzie 1965–1984

Repatriacja Polaków z Luksemburga po II wojnie światowej

Polsko-abisyńskie stosunki handlowe w latach 1918-1939