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Armia w twórczości Grzegorza z Nazjanzu

100%

Krupczyński P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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1992

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vol. 44

29-38

FR

L’article concerne les idées de Grégoire de Nazianze, théologue éminent, Père de l’Eglise, évêque de Sazyme et de Constantinopole qui s’exprime au sujet de l’armée et le métier de soldat. Grégoire qui a laissé un riche recueil de discours, lettres et poésies bien qu’il traite souvent les questions actuelles parle peu de l’armée. Cela peut se traduire par son attitude pacifique, aversion face â la guerre, litiges et violence. L’idée d’unité de l’Eglise s’opposait alors toujours aux luttes au sein de l’Eglise. Grégoire respectant le principe du réalisme acceptait pourtant l’existence de l'armée et de son utilité dans les situations où les conflits ne peuvent pas être résolus apar les moyens pacifiques. En général il condamnait l’emploi de l’armée pour les litiges intérieurs et sourtoul de nature religieuse, bien qu’il, ait fait parfois les exceptions. Il n’appréciait pas trop le métier de soldat car d’après lui il ne répondait pas à l'idéal chrétien de la vie. A son avis les soldats étaient les gens cruels, avides, primitifs, brutaux mais en même temps naifs, crédules, peu intelligents. Tout de même il attribuait à l'armée romane de hautes capacités et le courage. Il appréciait beaucoup les traits en question chez les cadres militaires avec lesquelles il avait parfois les contacts plus proches. En principe, Grégoire n’a pas contribué à l’enrichissement de l’idée chrétienne sur la guerre et l’armée. Il considérait ces sujets plutôt comme le mal nécessaire dans ce monde imparfait.

2

Trudności zachodnich wypraw Belizariusza

100%

Krupczyński P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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1981

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issue 4

1-156

EN

The three Belisarius campaigns to the west (to Africa in 533-534 and to Italy in 535-540 and 544-549) are the subject of this study. The basic problem of this dissertation limits itself into the questions: Why did each of these three campaigns of Belisarius present him more and more difficulties which in turn made him resign the position of the commander-in-chief during his second Italian campaign? The Introduction contains the outline of this study and it deals with the primary source i.e. Procopius’ works. In chapter first the author examines the attitude of the population in Africa and Italy (of Roman as well as barbarian origin) towards military and political operations of Belisarius. In chapter second he seeks an answer to the question what importance to the course of the campaigns had the relations of Belisarius with the emperor and his court, with the officers cadre and the soldiers’ masses. The matter under discussion in the third chapter are the provision and transport difficulties with which Belisarius struggled duffing his western campaigns. The closing chapter contains conclusions from the whole study.

3

Armia w greckich Historiach Kościoła IV-VI wieku

100%

Krupczyński P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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1993

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issue 48

27-37

EN

The basic problem of this article limits itself to the question: How did the Greek Church historians of the 4th-6th centuries (Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodorct and Evagrius) show the role and the place of the army in the East Roman Empire and what was their opinion about the army? The Church historians noticed that the army was a power which often instituted emperors as the rulers and was a support to their rule. The army very often participated in acclamations of the emperors in the 4th century, seldom in the next ones. The Church historians were the opinion that such a participation was a matter of course but they did not go too deeply into the army’s motives. They did not discuss either what impelled soldiers to support the usurpers. In the Church Histories we cannot find much information about the relationships between the emperors and the army but from the Histories it appears that these relationships were closer in the 4th century than there were in the later period, as the emperors more and more frequently resigned a command of the army. On the other hand the historians noticed the menace in the presence of the barbarian military troops in the Empire and noted an increase of the army’s insubordination, especially in the second part of the 6th century. The army was not only a power fighting against foreign enemies but also an instrument in the emperors’ hands in their domestic policy. The Church historians mentioned some events when the military troops had been used to suppress the revolts of the people or to pacify the cities. The historians paid much more attention to te cases of using the army in the religion policy. At the beginning of the 4th century the soldiers took part in the persecutions of the Christians. Then, when the emperors had become Christians themselves and had endeavoured after the religion unification of the Empire, the soldiers were used to remove the heretical bishops and to intervene if such cases had given rise to disturbances. The army also enforced the religious laws, e.g. the soldiers took churches from the heretics, dispersed their masses etc. The historians did not contest the emperors’ right to use the army in such cases. However the orthodox historians noted such a policy rather in the case of the Arian emperors, e.g. Constantius II and Valens. Also the historians described the brutality of the soldiers and their violence. One should noticed that the bishops also started to avail of the army against heretics and pagans. The references of the Church historians to the religions attitude of the army and the emperors’ religious policy in relation to the army were noticed in the article as well. Summing up one can say that the Church historians’ opinions about the army had a conventional character. In their opinion the army was a powerful force in the Empire and it executed many functions. But it was the force that had not an individual character and existed outside the society.

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Armia w twórczości Grzegorza z Nazjanzu

Trudności zachodnich wypraw Belizariusza

Armia w greckich Historiach Kościoła IV-VI wieku