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Organization of Christian working environments and reception of Catholic social teaching on the territory of the Congress Poland was much delayed in comparison with other Polish territories. In the Upper Silesia in 1969 the first workers’ association was formed under the influence of Catholic social teaching which was being developed in Germany. The activity of Karol Miarka had a great impact on the development and promotion of solidarity-oriented solution of the so called “social issue”. In Wielkopolska father Augustyn Szmarzewski in 1862 set up St Joseph’s association for craftsmen and in 1871 he continued his work within the Union of Earning and Economic Companies. In this region father Piotr Wawrzyniak in cooperation with father Smarzewski engaged in extensive socio-economic and educational activity and started the association for Catholic apprentices in Śrem. The Catholic Church was able to get engaged in the activity among workers in the Congress Poland after political changes related to the revolution of 1905 and to the issuing by tsar Nicolas II the manifesto of 30 October 1905 granting Duma law-making rights and guaranteeing civil liberties. This article presents the formation of the Christian Workers Association in new political circumstances, particularly taking into account the activity of the Association in Łódź Industrial District.
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On the threshold of the outbreak of the First World War Łódź was one of the biggest industrial centers of the Russian Empire. In 1911 512,5 thousand of people lived there including 267.1 thousand Catholics. For many decades of the second half of the 19th century the Catholics, who amounted to over 160 thousand by the end of the century, had only two parish churches: the church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and a filial St. Joseph church. In the period just before the outbreak of the war Łódź was not only a great workshop but also a great construction site. In this period five churches and Catholic chapels were erected or their construction was started. This construction work was stopped for the war period. The article presents the history of those constructions and the efforts preceding them.
EN
The Canadian-Polish Research Institute was founded in 1956 by Wiktor Turek, who was also its first president. The following presidents of the Institute were: Tadeusz Krychowski (1963-1972), Rudolf K. Kogler (1972-1995), Edward Sołtys (1995-2011), and Joanna Lustański (from 2011). During the sixty years of its existence, the Institute published about 50 books. There are several dominant thematic profiles among them: 1. bibliographic books (Polonica Canadiana, The Polish Language Press in Canada); 2. registers of Polish scientists and a list of Polish artists, writers and musicians; 3. memories; 4. monographs on the history of Polish settlement in Canada, as well as Polish institutions and organizations; 5. other publications: an English translation of Melchior Wańkowicz's Three Generations, a volume of poetry and prose by Danuta Bieńkowska – Beetwen the Shores, a monograph on the sciences of law by prof. Tadeusz Grygier Sprawiedliwość, czyli istota moralności, zdrowia i prawa, and the book of Edward Sołtys Black Ribbon Day. The publishing achievements of the Canadian-Polish Research Institute are of paramount importance for promoting the contribution of Poles living in Canada. This participation includes the activity of Polish engineers, scientists, artists, clerics, veterans, social and political activists. Their presentation in the form of studies issued by the Institute is an important element of the Polish public and historical diplomacy.
EN
Our knowledge about the origins of the town of Kielce has increased in recent years, due to rescue excavations carried out in the area of the City Centre (Plac św. Wojciecha, ul. Nowosilniczna, Plac św. Tekli). This paper offers a summary of results of recent excavation research and attempts at reconstructing the development of Kielce in the Middle Ages. The prelocation settlement was reconstructed by Janusz Kuczyński, based on hitherto archaeological research. He delimited the extent of the settlement on a primeval elongated promontory which was surrounded with water-courses and swamps. It is located in the area of present-day ul. IX Wieków Kielc, within the section from ul. Warszawska (at the former synagogue - now the Voivodeship State Archive) to St Adalbert Church. The chronology of the settlement was supposed to date from the 10th(?)/11th to the 13th c. At the end of the 11th or at the beginning of the 12th c. the wooden St Adalbert Church was founded. It was built at the settlement, to the east of it, presumably in the place of the present-day church. South to the settlement at St Adalbert Church, on a rocky prominence, the collegiate church dedicated to the Holy Virgin was built. It was founded in 1171 by Gedko, Bishop of Cracow, from the Powała clan. The consecration of the masonry collegiate church took place probably in 1213, and on this occasion it was granted with a canonry (later known as the “Jewish” canonry). That canonry was translocated from St Peter and St Paul Church in Kije. The collegiate church takes over the benefices and the parish function of St Adalbert Church. of special significance is the fact that the residence of the bishops of Cracow (in the form of a mansion) existed at the collegiate church. In the course of archaeological works in Plac św. Wojciecha in 2007 remains of a wooden semi-dugout hut were discovered. Based on finds within the feature and the historical analysis, this feature may be dated to the 11th(?) -12th c. Another excavation research was carried out in 2010 in ul. Nowosilnicza. The examined area was situated within the extent of the pre-location settlement (as reconstructed by J. Kuczyński) and in the immediate neighbour- hood of the trench from 2007, where the early medieval semi-dugout hut was discovered. The research confirmed the existence of features from the 11th-13th c. in this area. These must have been part of the afore-mentioned settlement. In 2010 archaeological research was carried out in Plac św. Tekli. It was the first archaeological examination in this area and it led to a discovery of remains of two medieval features. Feature 1 was remains of a wooden household building from the 13th c. Feature 2 was remains of a burnt wooden building, which was in all probability built in the log construction and was used for storing grain. A ceramic paving tile, ornamented with a relief, was an extremely valuable find that was discovered in the course of exploration of the “granary.” It was deposited at the bottom of the feature. Analogous fragments were found in the course of excavations in the collegiate church (the later cathedral) in Kielce. Identical paving tiles are known from the Wawel Cathedral, where paved floor was laid in 1250. Such finds are also known from St Mary Magdalene Church in okół, the Holy Trinity Church in Cracow, the Holy Virgin Church in Mogiła, the Holy Apostles St Peter and St Paul Church in Tyniec, St Giles Church in Inowłódz, and the Holy Trinity Church in Strzelno, where they are dated to the period from the mid-13th to the turn of the 13th and 14th c. There is no doubt that finds which have been discovered so far are the first archaeological trace to confirm the existence of the settlement from the 13th-14th c. in the area of present-day Plac św. Tekli, ul. Kozia and ul. orla. It was the other later settlement (the Episcopal one) in relation to the earlier (ducal) settlement from the 11th(?)-12th c., whose remains were identified in the vicinity of St Adalbert Church. In the light of research results it can be said that the original early medieval settlement in the territory of Kielce was situated in the area between present-day ul. Bodzentyńska and ul. IX Wieków Kielc on the one side and ul. Warszawska on the other side. In the 13th c. that settlement was translocated to the other bank of the River Silnica, in the area of the later Market Square. This later settlement was a trade settlement (locum forense). The spatial layout of medieval Kielce may have therefore looked like in the following way: the earlier settlement from the 11th(?)-12th c. was located on the right bank of the River Silnica (Plac św. Wojciecha and ul. Nowosilniczna), while the trade settlement originated on the left bank (Plac św. Tekli) of the river in the 13th c. The collegiate church (perhaps built at the turn of the 12th and 13th c.) and the Episcopal residence, situated in the highest point of the town (Cathedral Hill), dominated the settlement.
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