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1
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Ptahšepses, vezír a králův zeť, v kontextu společnosti Staré říše

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Dulíková V.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2017
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issue 18
64-71
EN
The paper deals with Ptahshepses who built his vast and impressive mastaba in the vicinity of king Nyuserre’s pyramid. The subject has been studied through the prism of Old Kingdom society and in comparison with his contemporaries. Recently discovered fragments of Ptahshepses’ granite false door in the archive of the Czech institute of Egyptology are also included.
2
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Vláda panovníka Niuserrea: období transformace

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Dulíková V.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2018
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issue 20
46-56
EN
The paper deals with the reign of Nyuserre, one of the great Old Kingdom rulers who ruled in the mid-Fifth Dynasty. A gradual transformation of Egyptian society took place during this crucial period, and a number of innovations came about in various spheres (religion, society, administration, tomb architecture, etc.), mirroring a change in the participation in power. This situation was reflected primarily in dignitaries’ tombs dated to the given period, which became indicators of this transformation of society. The research is focused on an analysis of more than 100 tombs of high-ranking individuals and their family members, and particularly of their titulary, offering formulae, false doors, etc. In order to provide a framework for a better understanding of the changes, innovations and processes which occurred, this treatise uses representative cases from social, administrative and religious areas to illustrate the innovativeness of the period of Nyuserre’s reign and the climate in which the concatenation of many changes came to pass.
3
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Korálkové šperky pro onen svět. Předběžná zpráva o souborech z hrobky hodnostáře Nefera (AS 68d)

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Dulíková V.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2016
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issue 16
20-24
EN
Faience beads in the form of jewels, which decorated the bodies of the deceased, represent a regular constituent of the burial equipment of officials, priests and their families in the Old Kingdom period. While most tombs were robbed already in ancient times, beaded jewels were often disregarded by the robbers. Despite the fact that the context had been disturbed and the threading material usually decomposed, the beads still allow us to get an idea of the appearance of the original jewels. The odds improve further if an intact burial is discovered. Such situation has occurred twice in the case of the rock-cut tomb of the dignitary Nefer. During the archaeological seasons in the years 2012-2014, two of the four shafts uncovered were found intact (AS 68d, Shafts 3 and 4). The three sets of beaded jewels which were found in Nefer's tomb belonged to a man, woman and a child, providing an opportunity for a remarkable comparative material study. The potential of these finds consists not only in their state of preservation, but also in the variability of their owners that will enable us to compare the burial practices used for individual members of a high-ranking family who lived in the second part of the Old Kingdom period.
4
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One of the minor gods: A case study on Khentytjenenet, an Old Kingdom deity of the Memphite necropolis

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Dulíková V.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2016
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issue 17
36-46
EN
Hitherto sparse evidence on Khentytjenenet has been markedly enlarged owing to new excavations of the Czech archaeological mission at Abusir. A recently discovered cluster of individuals holding priestly titles and/or epithets referring to Khentytjenenet has given us an impetus to scrutinise this deity. Records of Khentytjenenet are closely connected with a specific geographical part of the Memphite necropolis – Abusir and North Saqqara. The appearance of this deity was obviously associated with social, religious and administrative changes during the reign of Nyuserre. The title “hem-netjer-priest of Khentytjenet” appeared for the first time in the titulary of the high priest Ptahshepses, buried at North Saqqara (C1), and simultaneously within personal names of individuals who held offices under Nyuserre and were buried at Abusir or North Saqqara. Whereas personal names compounded with the element Khentytjenenet were characteristic for the mid-Fifth Dynasty, the title hem-netjer-priest and epithet imakhu kher linked with Khentytjenet occurred in the Sixth Dynasty. His name was also the component of several names of royal domains and estates in the late Fifth and early Sixth Dynasty.
5
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Menihy and his family: New evidence for the tjenenet sanctuary

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Dulíková V.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2021
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issue 27
45-59
EN
The depiction of the family of Menihy on a lintel found at Abusir South attracts attention due to a component present in the compound personal names of his children. All but one of them have names including the element tjenenet, which is remarkable in the context of previously found mentions of the tjenenet sanctuary at Abusir South. The lintel belongs to the Sixth Dynasty finds discovered at the Czech archaeological con cession that had originally been part of tombs or cult places and were destroyed already in antiquity. Some reflections on the function of the tjenenet are included.
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Jižní Abúsír – predběžná zpráva o výzkumu v roce 2015. Kaisebiho hrobka a okolí (AS 76-78)

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Dulíková V., Jirásková L.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2016
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issue 16
25-36
EN
In the year 2015, the expedition of the Czech Institute of Egyptology focused particularly on the area south of mastaba AS 54. Already in 2014, three new mastabas were unearthed in the vicinity of AS 54, and therefore both seasons of the year 2015 were devoted to their excavation. Two mastabas- AS 77 and AS 78- were built of mudbrick and contained two rows of shafts. Mastaba AS 78 was also extended to the south by an elongated annexe with five more shafts. Both tombs were probably built around the middle of the Fifth Dynasty. The pottery found in some of the shafts points to a long-time process of burial activity in both structures. It took place at least until the middle of the Sixth Dynasty. The cultic pottery provides evidence of mortuary activity until the end of the Old Kingdom. The westernmost mastaba, AS 76, differed from the other two structures in that was constructed from limestone. The core of the mastaba contained one shaft behind the northern undecorated false door, a decorated chapel with a beautiful false door, and a serdab behind it. It was built for a judge whose name was Kaisebi. The original mastaba (AS 76) was later enlarged by a new structure to the east (AS 76b), which consisted of two shafts, and a corridor running along them and leading to another chapel with undecorated false door. The evidence points to two owners of the two parts. The original mastaba was built for Kaisebi, the additional structure to the east for his son (?) Ptahwer whose name was found in several graffiti on the walls of the extension. According to a preliminary analysis the shaft and burial chamber of Kaisebi still awaits excavation in the largely disturbed area between Shaft 1 and his decorated chapel.
7
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Hrobka muže bez tváře. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu hrobky Anchirese (AS 98), inspektora kadeřníků královského paláce

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Dulíková V., Bárta M., Odler M., Peterková Hlouchová M.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2018
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issue 20
12-26
EN
During the autumn season of 2016, the tomb of an inspector of hairdressers of the Great House, Ankhires (AS 98), commenced excavation. The works were finished in the autumn season of 2017. In the architecture of the mastaba, two building phases were detected. Its cultic places were accessible from the north. A corridor chapel, where two levels of mud floor, a possible mud brick altar and a northern niche in the western wall were uncovered, leads to Room 2, giving access to abundantly decorated Room 1 with polychrome reliefs in at least three registers. The wall decoration of the funerary chapel was largely destroyed; only one block remained in situ and several fragments of the false door were found in the debris. In the core of the mastaba, only one shaft was uncovered. It was 11.75 m deep with a burial chamber at its bottom. An entrance into the burial apartment was in the western wall of the shaft. Neither the bottom of the shaft, nor the burial chamber were finished, though. This fact is fairly surprising taking into consideration the tomb’s intricate architecture. The tomb is preliminarily dated to the late Fifth Dynasty (Nyuserre – Djedkare). Interestingly enough, six late burials in wooden coffins (67–69/AS98/2017, 99–101/AS98/2017) from the end of the First Millennium BC were excavated by the western part of the entrance into the mastaba, and to the east of its eastern outer wall. The coffins were decorated very simply. However, the timber was very fragile and that is why the coffins had decayed, with the exception of two examples (67/AS98/2017 and 68/AS98/2017). In front of the eastern outer wall, three faience amulets were found (96/AS98/2017, 103/AS98/2017, 105/AS98/2017). These might be related to the late burials.
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A burial with a stamp seal depicting a Bes-like figure from Abusir

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Dulíková V., Odler M., Březinová H., Havelková P.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2015
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issue 15
69-75
EN
In the autumn of 2010, a humble intact burial in a reed coffin was found during the excavation of the Old Kingdom stone mastaba of the chief physician Neferherptah (AS 65) at Abusir South. The burial was positioned directly on the superstructure of Neferherptah’s tomb. The body of a more than fifty-year-old woman had been wrapped in linen, as indicated by eight fragments of fabric. The only burial equipment of the deceased consisted of a mud brick used as a headrest and a pyramidal stamp seal with a Bes-shaped figure on its base found on the breastbone. This latest addition to the corpus of stamp seals represents the first amulet of its type to come from a documented primary archaeological context at the Memphite necropolis. Although this tiny find is small in size, it is of particular importance for the study of the burial customs and beliefs of the lower social strata in the Memphite necropolis. The seal most probably provides one of the earliest examples of iconographical evidence for the archetype of the god later known as Bes. Some of the archaeological material from the excavations was destroyed during the Egyptian revolution in 2011. The remaining material is examined in this paper, together with an anthropological and textile report.
9
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Hetepuni, kněz ze dvora princezny Šeretnebtej

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Dulíková V., Arias Kytnarová K., Cílek V.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2014
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issue 13
38-48
EN
During the autumn excavation season of 2013, archaeological work in the tomb complex of princess Sheretnebty (AS 68) continued. A false door was found in the filling of shaft 8 in Sheretnebty’s courtyard. The limestone stela (75 × 49 × 11 cm) belonged to a certain Hetepuni, a hemnetjer- priest of Khentytjenenet, wab-priest of the two hundred of the pyramid Men-nefer-Meryre (Pepi I), great wab-priest and overseer of the department of tenant-landholders of the Great House. The entire decoration of the false door – the hieroglyphic inscriptions, figural representation, lines and a hint of a wooden door with a crossbar in the central niche – was painted in black. At first glance the execution of the hieroglyphs looks neat and calligraphic; a further examination has revealed a substitution of some similarly looking signs. Originally, the whole surface of the stela had been whitewashed. The white colour has the basic composition of pure gypsum, but parts containing powdered barite were found as well (Tab. 1). At least 15 layers of white coating, which indicate repeated whitewashing, were observed. The length of time this activity had been taking place can be estimated at 20 to 60 years. It is probable that the false door was originally placed above the shaft into which it was thrown. A man 40–60 years old was buried in a rectangular burial pit in the burial niche of this shaft. Whereas no remains of burial equipment were found in the burial niche, the filling of the shaft contained fragments of pottery vessels. The majority of analogies to particular vessels are associated with the Sixth Dynasty, especially with Pepi I, however some of them have survived until the reign of Pepi II. Following its analysis, Hetepuni’s false door, whose features date it to the late Sixth Dynasty or the First Inter - mediate Period, illustrates not only the development at the Abusir necropolis but also serves as a probe into one of the burial complexes at Abusir South, i.e. the tomb cluster called the complex of princess Sheretnebty.
10
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Tomb at Abusir South from a time of change belonging to Ankhires, inspector of hairdressers of the Great House (AS 98)

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Dulíková V., Bárta M., Peterková Hlouchová M., Sůvová Z.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2018
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issue 21
3-33
EN
A new tomb (AS 98) of Ankhires, inspector of hairdressers of the Great House, was excavated at Abusir South in the autumn seasons of 2016 and 2017. The stone-built mastaba is preliminarily dated to late Fifth Dynasty, from the reign of Nyuserre to Djedkare. It has an unusual architectural plan, consisting of a corridor chapel, Rooms 1 and 2, an L-shaped chapel, two serdabs and Shaft 1. It was obviously built in two phases. The extension gave the mastaba the area of 413 m2 . In view of several facts, the tomb represents a new phenomenon not only at the Czech archaeological concession but also at the Memphite necropolis. It was surrounded by several structures including tombs (AS 101, AS 102), a technical(?) structure (AS 100) or a cultic installation (AS 99), which were also partly excavated. The work has brought to light many interesting finds, being it remains of the original wall decoration, remains of wooden statues or ecofacts. An analysis of the animal bones assemblage is also incorporated in the present study.
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The tombs of Kaisebi (AS 76) and Ptahwer (AS 76b) at Abusir South

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Dulíková V., Jirásková L., Vymazalová H., Arias Kytnarová K., Havelková P.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2017
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issue 19
3-26
EN
The excavations at Abusir South have already uncovered many tombs that have added valuable information to the general knowledge of the development of the Old Kingdom society, its burial and funeral habits, and last but not least social relations and their impact on the lives of ancient Egyptian officials. One of the latest discoveries is the tomb of “the elder of the judicial hall”, Kaisebi (AS 76), and the adjoining tomb of Ptahwer (AS 76b), which are located to the south of the anonymous mastaba (AS 54), lying on the most prominent spot of the whole Abusir South area. Kaisebi and Ptahwer built their tombs between this huge mastaba (AS 54) and a recently discovered 18.5 m long ship, both dated to the end of the Third Dynasty. Tomb AS 76 was constructed in two phases in the course of the late Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. The first one consisted of a rather small rectangular mastaba with a chapel, a northern niche, a serdab, and two shafts. The cruciform chapel of Kaisebi’s mastaba with colourful wall paintings contains a well-preserved false door in situ. Later on, the original structure was enlarged by an annexe (AS 76b) attached to the eastern wall of AS 76, which included another offering place and two burial shafts.
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Anthropological evaluation of Old Kingdom human burials from the pyramid field of Abusir

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Brukner Havelková P., Dulíková V., Bejdová Š., Velemínský P., Bárta M.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2022
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issue 28
28-51
EN
Anthropological research has been going on at the archaeological concession of the Czech Institute of Egyptology in Abusir for nearly 60 years. The first burials dated to the Old Kingdom, more specifically to the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties (2510–2365 BC), were found in 1976. Nevertheless, it has taken almost to the present time to gather more than two hundred skeletons needed to carry out a comprehensive study of the Abusir skeletal sample. This task was preceded by the creation of the AnuBase, an extensive and detailed database of anthropological data, and by the acquisition of a suitable depository space where the human skeletal remains are stored. The present study focuses mainly on the paleodemographic profile of the individuals buried in Abusir cemeteries and the metric analysis of the skeletons dating to the Old Kingdom. The results revealed a lower number of buried females compared to males and very few subadults. Very pronounced sexual dimorphism was noted between the male and female skeletons in both skulls and the infra cranial skeleton. Male crania are longer but lower than female crania, while females were characterized by higher faces. Although male long bones were longer and more robust than female ones, they do not differ in the proportionality of the upper and lower extremities. High sexual dimorphism in body height is consistent with the presumption of the higher status of individuals buried in Abusir. The results of both anthropological and paleodemographic analyses show a connection with the social status of the individuals in question. The low number of females buried in the cemeteries of Abusir and the almost missing subadults could indicate specific burial strategies in the area governed by strict rules. Future research should address these issues in detail.
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