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EN
The author distinguishes three basic stages in the programming cycle: designing stage, programming stare, and documentation stage. On the basis of the author's own experience and literature of the subject there are described techniques applied by teams of IBM at particular stages: 1) at designing stage - technique of structural designing, - HIPO technique; 2) at programming stage - technique of structural programming; - technique of constructing a programme from top to bottom, - technique of structural review; 3) at documentation stage - technique of developing an auxiliary library, with their role and significance for the entire procese being stressed. However, a reservation is made that application of these techniques is possible provided a technique of team work is applied at all stages.
EN
The author makes an attempt at general presentation of pathological phenomena present in the office-work. The office-work belongs to these areas of practical activity of institutions which are assessed most critically. It is observed here that negative assessments prevail. The studies conducted among office workers in different institutions confirm these assessments. These negative assessments are justified by> examples of pathological phenomena accompanying the office-work the typology of which has been performed in this article for empirical purposes. Our attention is also drawn to causes of pathological phenomena which are reflected, first of all, in psyche of employees.
EN
The author puts forward a thesis that the main cause of difficulties In the period of realizing changes In functioning of institutions is a conflict between conditions promoting effective accomplishment of current tasks and conditions promoting reorganization. Taking it into account, the author analyzes ways of realizing projects of changes allowing to overcome this conflict.These ways include: appropriate way of introducing a project into practice, application of reserves, isolation of processes of current functioning of Institutions from the process of their reorganization, and adaptation of the way of performing reorganization from the way of functioninr of institutions with regard to the degree of managerial co-ordination.
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