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Tax Incentives in Polish Pension System

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Biernacki K., Dybał M.
Economic and Environmental Studies
|
2017
|
vol. 17
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issue 41
115-125
EN
Polish pension system has been severely changed in last years. However, it is still hard to find a purpose, for what these changes have been done. At the beginning of 1990 Polish pension system based on current payment (pass as you go system). In the end of 1998 a capital component was introduced. In the initial period of the mix system (pass as you go and capital) it was visible, that insured persons were not interested in self-building a capital for future pension payments. Due to this fact, special incentives were introduced. They were strictly associated with tax system, because these instruments introduced the possibility to minimize the tax base for those, who decided to save for own pension. This article analyses statistics dates concern these incentives and verifies the hypothesis, whether tax system shall create incentives for long-term saving plans.
XX
Zmiany w polskim systemie emerytalnym wciąż trwają i obecnie trudno dostrzec kierunek, w którym one zmierzają. Wprowadzenie z końcem lat 90-tych ubiegłego wieku elementu kapitałowego skutkowało małym zainteresowaniem do dobrowolnego oszczędzania wśród ubezpieczonych. W konsekwencji ustawodawca zaczął wprowadzać zachęty do długoterminowego oszczędzania, które opierały się wyłącznie na rozwiązaniach ściśle związanych z systemem podatkowym. Przedmiotowy artykuł analizuje dane statystyczne związane z funkcjonowaniem tych rozwiązań. Weryfikuje również hipotezę, czy system podatkowy powinien być wykorzystywany do tworzenia długoterminowych oszczędności na przyszłą emeryturę.
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THE STANDARD NATURE OF THE TAXMAN-TAXPAYER RELATIONSHIP AS A PREREQUISITE FOR TAX SYSTEM EFFICIENCY (Normatywny charakter relacji podatnik - organ podatkowy jako przeslanka efektywnosci funkcjonowania systemu podatkowego)

100%
Biernacki K.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
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2011
|
issue 3(51)
180-195
EN
The obligation to pay tax can be viewed in two different ways. According to J. Buchanan, it is a kind of contribution imposed by an omnipotent state, an expression of the state's authority. Thus for the taxpayer it is a compulsory, enforced payment, whose designation is beyond his or her control. The only way to increase the efficiency of a tax system, i.e. to minimise the cost of tax collection given fixed budgetary revenue, is then to ensure full transparency of statio fisci procedures. R. Musgrave understands tax differently. For him, it is a collective levy incurred in order to subsidise public tasks determined by public consensus. Therefore, tax is not an extraneous, imposed duty. The awareness of the obligation stems from the consent (if only presumed) of the taxpayers to bear the cost. In the Polish system, the prevalent method is to introduce new taxes by virtue of the law. The character of the legislative procedures and the highly formalised relationship between the taxman and the taxpayers result in low public acceptance of tax obligations. In consequence, taxes are treated by Poles as the external compulsion from J. Buchanan's theory rather than the collective contribution described by R. Musgrave. This is particularly observable in the individual stages of tax legislation development, where the competences of both sides of the 'tax fence' (state and taxpayers) are limited to the bare minimum. Consequently, statutory provisions, which are frequently incoherent, have to be the decisive factor. This leads to more dispute and controversy and thus to increased tax compliance costs.
3
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The impact of tax restrictions on the structure of company financing sources

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Biernacki K.
Nauki o Finansach
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2014
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issue 4(21)
83-91
EN
Miller and Modigliani (MM) proved that the value of a firm is higher if the capital structure consist of equity and debt. The positive influence of the tax shield brings extra benefits for the company. This assumption may be modified by the thin capitalization rules, which excluded the interest paid to shareholders from the tax deductible costs. The article verifies the MM assumption in the Polish tax system, including the domestic regulation of thin capitalization. It has been shown that a loan from shareholders abroad may significantly influence the grounds for introducing such a regulation.
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Stawki podatkow dochodowych oraz obrotowych a efektywne opodatkowanie konsumentow

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Biernacki K.
Nauki o Finansach
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2011
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issue 6
56-66
EN
Every transaction is burdened with income tax and turnover tax, which are complementary to each other. Thus, the total tax burden should be perceived as a sum of them. The complementary relation is for many tax-specialists the main reason of existence of the progressive scale in income taxes. The regressive nature of the tax rates in VAT is to minimise the negative impact of this progression. This paper, however, shows that calculations do not sustain these assumptions. The taxpayers do not spend all their income, and therefore the compensation of the regressive scale of the VAT rates works to a certain amount. Above this limit, the income tax progression substantially increases the effective rate of taxation. Drawing on the present calculations, it may be concluded that the progression of income taxes cannot be justified by the complementary character of VAT.
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Metodyka źródeł przy kalkulacji podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych w rozliczeniach międzynarodowych

100%
Biernacki K.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2018
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vol. 363
7-16
PL
Krajowe regulacje o podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych wprowadzają metodykę kalkulacji dochodu opartą na źródłach. Analizując przepisy, zauważyć można co najmniej trzy płaszczyzny rozliczenia tego podatku na źródle, które odpowiednio dotyczą kalkulacji dochodu, podatku oraz możliwości łączenia przychodów i kosztów w ramach różnych źródeł. Ta różnorodność kalkulacji ma istotny wpływ na ostateczne obciążenie podatników w sytuacji, gdy osiągają oni dochody zagraniczne. Międzynarodowe umowy o unikaniu podwójnego opodatkowania również opierają się na metodzie źródeł i jak wykazano w artykule – to prawidłowa kwalifikacja osiąganego dochodu do źródła ma większe znaczenie na potrzeby ostatecznego obciążenia podatkowego niż wybór metody unikania podwójnego opodatkowania.
EN
Calculation of personal income tax based in many countries on the source methodology. Also in Poland domestic regulation improve different sources. However in practice, there are sources of income, but also sources of tax and the possibility of joining revenue and costs on certain source. This article presents how the source methodology influences on the final tax to pay, when the domestic tax residence – natural person, obtains also income from abroad. Conclusions show that the sources determine the tax, not the method of avoiding double taxation.
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