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Życie codzienne mieszkańców Torunia od końca Wielkiej Wojny do czasów unifikacji (1918-1921)

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Krzemiński T.
Rocznik Toruński
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2019
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issue 46
PL
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie zagadnień związanych z trudami życia codziennego mieszkańców Torunia w okresie przemian politycznych związanych z zakończeniem pierwszej wojny światowej i przejściem miasta i regionu pod władzę niepodległego państwa polskiego. Zarówno czas wielkiej wojny, jak i wyczekiwanie na włączenie w granice RP były dla mieszkańców Torunia okresem wyrzeczeń i doświadczania braków artykułów pierwszej potrzeby. Zawirowania polityczne nie sprzyjały zadowalającej aprowizacji, co pośrednio odbijało się na kondycji zdrowotnej i nastrojach społecznych torunian. Miasto było też wówczas jednym z głównych punktów przerzutu uchodźców wojennych. Oczekiwane przez Polaków włączenie do wolnej Rzeczypospolitej nie od razu przyniosło upragniony dobrobyt, uwikłana w konflikt na wschodzie oraz wyniszczona wojną Polska nie była w stanie go zapewnić. W początkach 1920 r. to Toruń, mimo wielu deficytów i braków materiałowych, stał się miejscem obfitości dla przybyszy zza dawnego kordo-nu. Czas przejściowy między zakończeniem wojny a unifikacją w ramach odrodzonej RP stał się też okresem przyspieszonych przemian społeczność lokalnej miasta. Znaczącemu przekształceniu uległa jego struktura narodowościowa, bezrobocie stało się poważnym problemem dla władz lokalnych, nastąpił wzrost przestępczości kryminalnej i zjawisk patologicznych (np. prosty-tucji), w sposób wyraźny uwidocznił się proces emancypacji kobiet.
DE
Ziel des Artikels ist es, die Phänomene zu erläutern, die mit den Schwierigkeiten des Alltagslebens der Bewohner von Thorn zur Zeit der politischen Veränderungen am Ende des 1. Weltkriegs und während des Übergangs von Stadt und Region unter die Herrschaft des unabhängigen polnischen Staats einhergingen. Sowohl die Zeit des großen Kriegs als auch das Warten auf den Einbezug in die Grenzen der polnischen Republik waren für die Einwohner von Thorn eine Zeit der Entbehrungen und der Erfahrungen mit dem Fehlen von Artikeln des Grundbedarfs. Die politischen Turbulenzen waren für eine zufriedenstellende Lebensmittelversorgung nicht günstig, was sich mittelbar auf den Gesundheitszustand und die Stimmung der Thorner auswirkte. Die Stadt war damals auch einer der Hauptpunkte für den Transport von Kriegsflüchtlingen. Der von den Polen erwartete Anschluss an die freie Republik brachte nicht sofort den ersehnten Wohlstand; das in einen Krieg im Osten verwickelte und vom Krieg zerstörte Polen konnte ihn nicht gewährleisten. Anfang 1920 wurde Thorn trotz vieler Defizite und materieller Mängel zu einem Ort des Überflusses für Ankömmlinge aus den anderen früheren Teilungsgebieten. Die Übergangszeit zwischen dem Ende des Kriegs und der Vereinigung im Rahmen der wiedererstandenen polnischen Republik wurde auch zu einer Zeit der beschleunigten Veränderungen in der Gesellschaft der Stadt. Einer bedeutenden Umgestaltung unterlag ihre nationale Struktur, die Arbeitslosigkeit wurde zu einem ernsten Problem für die lokalen Behörden, es wuchsen die Kriminalität und pathologische Phänomene (z. B. Prostitution), der Prozess der Emanzipation der Frauen war deutlich erkennbar.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the issues related to the daily hardships experienced by  inhabitants of Toruń during the period of political changes related to the end of the First World War and the transition of the city and the region under  the rule of the independent Polish state. For inhabitants of Toruń both the time of the Great War and the period prior to  Toruń’s incorporation   into the Republic of Poland was a period of sacrifices and caused them to experience shortages of basic necessities. Political turmoil did not favor satisfactory provisioning, which indirectly affected  the health condition and social moods of Toruń’s residents. At that time, the city was also one of the main transfer points for war refugees. The incorporation of the city into free Poland, awaited by Poles, did not immediately bring the desired prosperity, as Poland was  entangled in the conflict in the east and  devastated by the war. At the beginning of 1920 Toruń, despite many material deficits and shortages, became a desirable place  for newcomers from behind the former cordon. The transition time between the end of the war and the unification within the reborn  Polish state also became a period of accelerated changes in the local community. Its national structure  changed significantly, unemployment became a serious problem for the local authorities, and there was  an increase in the number of criminal offences and pathological phenomena (e.g. prostitution); what is more, the process of women's emancipation clearly became apparent.
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Codzienność mieszkańców Torunia w latach pierwszej wojny światowej (1914 –1918)

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Krzemiński T.
Rocznik Toruński
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2014
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issue 41
39-63
EN
WWI led to global political and social changes which were visible also on a local level. The situation in Toruń at the end of 1918 or in January 1920 was completely different from the one in the summer of 1914. The Great War of 1914 –1918 was the first event which affected significantly and directly not only soldiers but also inhabitants of areas situated far from the war front. The inhabitants of Toruń were affected by the war in a variety of ways. Eating habits and customs changed; the war even modified the daily timetable of people. Toruń as an important element of the defence system of the Third Reich, situated on the eastern border was equipped with a powerful garrison characterised by a heterogenous ethnic structure, which makes it an inspiring subject of research and analysis in terms of the history of everyday life in the past – both in momentous periods and during times of peace.
DE
Der 1. Weltkrieg brachte politische und gesellschaftliche Wandlungen von globalem Ausmaß mit sich. Die Veränderungen waren auch auf lokaler Ebene sichtbar. Die Lage in Thorn war Ende 1918 oder im Januar 1920 eine ganz andere als im Sommer 1914. Der große Krieg der Jahre 1914 –1918 war das erste Ereignis, das auf bedeutende und unmittelbare Weise nicht nur die kämp-fenden Soldaten betraf, sondern auch die Einwohner des von den Fronten entferntesten Hinterlandes. Die Einwohner von Thorn erlebten während der ganzen Dauer des Konflikts die Härten des täglichen Lebens in dieser Zeit, die sie auf vielerlei Weise zu spüren bekamen. Einer unfreiwilligen Veränderung unterlagen die Ernährungsgewohnheiten, die Sitten, und der Krieg drückte sogar dem Tagesablauf seinen Stempel auf. Thorn war ein wichtiges Element des Verteidigungssystems des Deutschen Reiches, gelegen an dessen östli-chem Rand und besetzt mit einer starken Garnison, dabei mit einer gemischten ethnischen Struktur. Als solches ist es ein interessantes Objekt für Forschun-gen und Analysen zur Geschichte des damaligen Alltagslebens, sowohl an historischen Wendepunkten wie in Zeiten friedlicher Existenz.
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Prostytucja w międzywojennym Toruniu (szkic zagadnienia)

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Krzemiński T.
Rocznik Toruński
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2013
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issue 40
61-76
EN
Prostitution in interwar Toruń (the outline of the issue) The article constitutes an attempt to look more thoroughly at the question of prostitution which was a serious social issue in Toruń during the interwar period between WWI and WWII. Prostitution was part of everyday life and the folklore of the city; on the one hand it was condemned by the majority of the society, but on the other hand it was accepted within the so called „double morality”. The aim of the article is also to describe the women involved in prostitution and to analyse the causes of the problem. The issue of fighting and counteracting the phenomenon are only mentioned in brief, as the author con-centrates on the description of the various types and contexts of prostitution, its social reception and the estimation of the number of women professionally involved.
DE
Die Prostitution in Thorn der Zwischenkriegszeit (Eine Skizze des Problems) Der vorliegende Text ist ein Versuch, einen genaueren Blick auf das The-ma der Prostitution, die ein ernstes soziales Problem für Thorn in der Zwi-schenkriegszeit war, zu werfen. Die Unzucht war ein kleiner Teil des Alltags und eine Art von städtischer Folklore, ein Phänomen, das einerseits durch die breite Öffentlichkeit verach-tet wurde, auf der anderen Seite aber als Teil der sogenannten „Doppelmoralˮ akzeptiert wurde. Der Zweck dieses Artikels ist es, das Milieu der Frauen, die in diesem Bereich tätig waren, näher zu bringen und die Ursachen des Prob-lems zu analysieren. Fragen bezüglich der Bekämpfung des Phänomens wor-den nur angedeutet, weil sich Vortrag mehr auf der Charakterisierung der Methoden des Treibens der Unzucht, der sozialen Bewertung und Beurteilung, der Bestimmung der Anzahl von Frauen (oder vielmehr des Ausmaßes), die sich damit gewerbsmäßig beschäftigten, konzentriert.
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Der Alltag in den kleinen und mittelgroßen Städten von Pommerellen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts als Gegenstand der historischen Analyse (Probleme und Forschungsvorschläge)

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Krzemiński T.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2013
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vol. 78
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issue 4
41-54
EN
Research on the everyday life of inhabitants of Pomerelia in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century so far has focused mainly on the issues regarding the existence and customs of the rural population. The description of daily routines in small and medium-size towns has hitherto not constituted a separate topic for research as it remained on the margin of regional historiography. The problem has not been dealt with in any of the monographs concerning individual cities. Nevertheless, selecting such a research topic entails many diffi culties of a methodological nature connected with defining new periodisation, highlighting the basic research directions and adopting a new perspective on the available source material.
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K-Brot, marmolada i ziemniaki. Pożywienie mieszkańców Prus Zachodnich w czasie pierwszej wojny światowej

100%
Krzemiński T.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2014
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vol. 79
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issue 2
55-72
EN
The alimentation of the civil population was an important economic-social problem for the countries participating in WWI. Shortages of food became one of the main issues of the major military actions; so, the war influenced the everyday life of the citizens. During the war the alimentary habits of the Pomeranians changed considerably. Levels of consumption fell drastically, and the quality of the everyday menu deteriorated. The war forced people to look for alternative solutions and use various substitutes, economise on resources and eat food which had hitherto been considered inedible. Analysis of food practices and the manner in which meals were prepared allows us to better understand other social phenomena in Gdańsk Pomerania during the Great War, e.g. the increase in the crime rate and the decline in moral values.
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Krajobraz higieniczno-estetyczny miast i wsi pomorskich w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym

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Krzemiński T.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2012
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vol. 77
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issue 2
35-56
EN
Pomerania in the Second Republic of Poland was considered to be a civilized region, particularly with respect to the lands which were formerly under Russian rule and to Galicia. Legal regulations and technical infrastructure inherited from the Prussians met the highest sanitary-hygienic criteria. The period of WWI, exceptionally hard life conditions in the first years after the war, the change of political and economic relations entailed lowering the sanitary and esthetic condition of Pomeranian towns and villages. It affected the image of the new Polish state negatively. The state and local authorities started to fight neglect and bad habits, wishing to improve the sanitary condition and to eliminate the negative stereotype of “Polish economy”. The administrative measures to enhance the level of hygiene and the esthetic condition of districts took place aft er a medical doctor Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski became Home Secretary in October 1926. The minister’s directives contributed to sorting out many neglected issues related to hygienic culture, also in Pomerania. The continuous scrutiny of the police and authorities, giving high fines for not following directives reduced the initial reluctance of Pomeranian society to improve the hygienic level. In many cases sanitary and esthetic conditions of towns and villages improved (i.e. bigger towns – Toruń, Grudziądz, Gdynia; smaller towns – Chełmża), but there still remained poor districts where sanitary conditions were far from any civilized norms.
7
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Between unification and particularism: Pomerania and independence

100%
Krzemiński T.
Historyka Studia Metodologiczne
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2022
|
vol. 52
91-106
EN
The Vistula Pomeranian (the former Prussian province of West Prussia) remained the longest dependent part of the partitioning power of Poland, which was reborn after 1918. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Polish population of these lands, whose original ethnic component was Kashubians, strengthened their national awareness under the influence of modernisation processes. As in the entire Prussian partition, the dominant factor here was the idea of national solidarity built around an attachment to Catholicism. The defeat of Germany in World War I was associated by the local Poles with the incorporation of Pomeranian lands into the borders of the Polish Republic. The decisions of the Paris Conference of 1919 were awaited with hope and enthusiasm. Independence, however, brought disappointment caused by the economic crisis, as well as the inability of the central authorities to deal with the native population. Against this background, there were conflicts and misunderstandings throughout the entire interwar period. After 1920, the slogans of regional particularism gained popularity among the indigenous Pomeranian population. However, the German threat of the yoke forced local political and social activists to respond to the idea of unification of Pomeranian lands with the rest of the country, pushed by the central authorities.
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Doświadczenia codzienności mieszkańców Grudziądza w czasie pierwszej wojny światowej (1914–1918)

100%
Krzemiński T.
Rocznik Grudziądzki
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2014
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vol. 22
113-133
EN
The World War I brought political and social changes in the global scale. Transformations in that range occurred also on a local ground. Grudziądz in the end of 1918 or January 1920 was completely different in terms of political-social situation than in the mid-1914. The change of the state affiliation and political-administration transformations however were not the only ones that resulted as the consequence of a global conflict. The great war in 1914–1918 was the first case which directly affected not only the soldiers fighting in the first front line but also the citizens of the furthest supply base. The city and its citizens in those days experienced the difficulties of everyday existence. The transformations were occurring in all its aspects; nourishment, customs, daily schedule or healthiness among others. The war took its toll on all those and many other elements of everyday existence. Grudziądz, being the fortress city, filled with a strong military garrison during the whole war period, possessing also a complex ethnic structure, constitutes an interesting research object to carry out analysis about the history of past everyday life, both in the breakthrough and peaceful existence periods.
9
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Odbudowa autorytetu czy polityczne bankructwo? Działalność polityczna i wydawnicza Wiktora Kulerskiego w niepodległej Polsce (1918–1935)

100%
Krzemiński T.
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2013
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vol. 16
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issue 2(32)
37-48
PL
Artykuł jest syntetycznym opisem aktywności publicznej Wiktora Kulerskiego, właściciela koncernu prasowego i wydawcy regionalnej prasy codziennej, w kontekście złożonych przemian politycznych, społecznych i gospodarczych okresu międzywojennego
EN
In the last decades before World War I Wiktor Kulerski made his name as a journalist, newspaper proprietor, politician and member of the Reichstag from West Prussia. This article traces his fortunes amid the complex political, social and economic changes that followed after 1918
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