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EN
The dynamic growth of population made Bydgoszcz one of the larger towns in the inter-war Poland. More than half of the population were workers. The unstable economical situation and the high level of unemployment often drove them to crime, especially theft. Thieves’ spoils can provide evidence of the citizens’ financial position, tastes, interests, fashion or even culinary customs. In the early 1920s thieves were particularly interested in bed clothes and bed linen, clothes, cash, jewellery, food and livestock. The value of the things stolen rose in prosperity periods, when more people could afford luxury goods. In periods of recession and poverty thieves concentrated on livestock (hens, rabbits, ducks, pigs) and basic food (flour, butter, groats). The town was also plagued with seasonal theft – in winter thieves were greatly interested in coal and wood, in spring and summer – in bicycles, fruit and vegetables, and in autumn – in preserves (jams, wine, pickles). Lists of stolen goods mirror the paradoxes of everyday life characteristic of periods of dynamic economic changes. Many inhabitants of Bydgoszcz, despite implementing technological innovations in their households, still stuck to old habits, e.g. to keeping livestock even in the centre of the town
EN
The role and use of metals, and in particular silver, and the possible adoption of standardized pieces of silver as a pre-monetary form of money in exchange processes in the Near East, is a part of the debate on the existence of a market economy in the region. Silver seems to be used as a medium of exchange, a means of storing value, or as reference point for value. It is crucial in the context of interaction and exchange. Subsequently, a preference for silver could have spread throughout a wider area than in the eastern Mediterranean. However, silver in the Near East was never coined, it was weighed out at each transaction, and all silver was of equal value. Variability in the quality of the silver makes its analysis necessary, and indeed crucial, but sometimes it proves to be impossible to find evidence for this.
PL
Rola i zastosowanie metali, a zwłaszcza srebra wraz z możliwością przyjęcia standaryzowanych jego fragmentów jako przedmonetarnej formy pieniądza w procesach wymiany na Bliskim Wschodzie, jest częścią dyskutowanych kwestii dotyczących pytania o istnienie gospodarki rynkowej w tym regionie. Wydaje się, że srebro niekiedy było użytkowane jako środek wymiany, wartość odniesienia względem innych dóbr czy tezauryzowane. Procesy te były jednak ściśle zależne od kontekstu interakcji, wymiany. Preferencja dla użytkowania srebra mogła rozprzestrzenić się na większe obszary we wschodniej części basenu Morza Śródziemnego. Jednak srebro na Bliskim Wschodzie nigdy nie zostało zamienione w monety, było ważone podczas każdej transakcji. Ta zmienność cech srebra sprawia, że analiza kontekstu użycia metalu jest tu konieczna i kluczowa, ale czasami znalezienie owego kontekstu może być niemożliwe.
EN
The Greeks motivation for supporting long range contacts was mostly a result of the need for precious metals. The established relations were based on the conscious understanding developed among the societies living on the trade routes, and the control maintained over an area made those contacts possible. The colonies created were based on consent given by the local populace and these arrangements could have regulated both the usage of space and the exploitation of local resources. The discoveries made both in the north and central Balkans (as far as Pannonia) as well as Dobruja, Bessarabia, Moldavia and reaching the Transylvanian Plateau hail as far back as to the 6th century BC. What is interesting is that there is a registered increase in objects, contacts and interactions starting in the period between the second half of the 4th and the early 3rd century. The wares from Greek settlements traveled the established trade routes based on mutual relations and had symbolic value for the elite strata of society for which they were meant. These object showcase an important social change in which ostentatious wealth is an essential condition of political power. It seems that the warrior elites were the ones that played a particular role in the time period from the end of the 6th century – the time of the stat of the so called princely graves- to the Hellenistic settlements. The political economy created a new platform of understanding for the elites. The shared ritual, and symbolical experiences, the feasting and the possibility of amassing workforce led to the creation of a status of certain groups inside the functioning redistribution system. From the Greek perspective the Hellenization was as the time a by-product, not a goal in itself, even if the local populace adopted certain ideas, lifestyles, or even particular objects according to its needs.
PL
Motywacją Greków dla podtrzymywania dalekich kontaktów była między innymi chęć i potrzeba pozyskania cennych metali. Tworzone kontakty handlowe opierały się na świadomym zrozumieniu pomiędzy społecznościami znajdującymi się na szlaku a kontrola nad przestrzenią umożliwiała ich realizację. Kolonie powstawały w wyniku umów z rdzenną ludnością, które mogły regulować zarówno użytkowanie ziemi jak i eksploatację lokalnych zasobów. Znaleziska obejmują zarówno północną i centralną część Bałkanów (aż po Panonię) jak i Dobrudżę, Besarabię, Mołdawię aż po wyżyną transylwańską od VI w. p.n.e, z wyraźnym wzrostem ilości przedmiotów, kontaktów i interakcji rozpoczynającym się w okresie między II połową IV w. p.n.e. a III w. p.n.e. Produkty greckich ośrodków docierały wzdłuż ustanowionej sieci wymiany, związków wzajemności i prawdopodobnie posiadały symboliczne znaczenie wśród elit, dla których były przeznaczone. Odzwierciedlają one istotną zmianę społeczną, gdy ostentacyjne bogactwo staje się niezbędnym warunkiem władzy politycznej. Wydaje się, że elity wojownicze odegrały tu szczególnie widoczną rolę właściwie od końca VI w. p.n.e., od powstawania tak zwanych grobów książęcych po osady hellenizujące. Ekonomia polityczna wytworzyła inną platformę porozumienia elit. Wspólne doświadczenia o charakterze rytualnym, symbolicznym, biesiadowanie, a także sposobność gromadzenia siły roboczej prowadziła do wytworzenia statusu określonych grup wewnątrz systemu redystrybucji. Z greckiej perspektywy hellenizacja staje się wówczas pewnym „produktem ubocznym”, nie zaś celem samym w sobie, nawet jeśli społeczności rdzenne pewne idee, styl życia czy wreszcie określone przedmioty adoptują zgodnie z własnymi potrzebami.
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EN
The present work is relevant to the way in which and suboptimal expositions of human faces – one’s own and unknown – influence the memory for the objects, which coincidences it. The procedure presented here is a modification of Murphy’s and Zajonc’s (1994) experiments by examining the lasting memory for neutral stimuli, primed by faces. The obtained results show that supraliminal (4 ms) expositions of the photographs of human faces increase a recognition of following these faces with quasi-Japanese ideograms, but there are no differences between the memory effects of priming by our own face and the unknown face. The supraliminal (1 s) expositions of our own face decrease the memory for ideograms. Moreover, the investigation shows that supraliminal presentations of human, neutral faces result in a worse memory for ideograms, following them than do supraliminal presentation of these faces.
EN
Teaching practice is an important stage in prospective foreign language teacher development. It is an opportunity for reflection on the teaching process as well as for (self) evaluation of one’s teaching competence. Trainees approaching their practicum should be prepared by their educational institutions for the challenges they may face in a real school context. In the article we report on two studies undertaken to obtain an insight into the practicum from the trainee perspective and from the school-based mentor perspective in the hope of identifying areas which require improvement. Descriptions of the design of the two studies and the analyses of their results are preceded by a discussion of the importance of reflection on foreign language teacher competence and the place of practicum in the development of competence.
EN
In this paper, the authors present an analysis of students’ narratives on their way to becoming competent English as a foreign language (EFL) users. Before presenting our study we refer to the ecological perspective on language learning/teaching, which may show the important impact of the learners’ environment for EFL development. We refer to studies which point to the importance of the environment for language learning and which used various methods of research. In our study, we apply a narrative approach. The collected corpus of narratives is analysed following the grounded theory within the psychological model of wellbeing, i.e. the PERMA model. Eventually, we decided to concentrate on the impact teachers have on learners’ emotions, engagement, meaning, relationships and accomplishment.
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