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Generalna zasada kauzalności – czy rzeczywiście przebrzmiały spór?

100%
Olechowski M.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 64
113-126
EN
In 1952 Witold Czachórski posited as a general principle of Polish contract law that legal actions leading of a transfer of wealth require for their validity a proper cause; the rule was construed as a mandatory one and precluded the creation of abstract obligations unless expressly permitted by law. Czachórski’s theory was underpinned by an in-depth analysis of the entire body of civil law, as well as axiological considerations that emphasized the need to control contractual fairness (Section 1). After 40 years of largely uncontroverted acceptance the rule was abruptly abandoned by the Supreme Court on grounds of freedom of contract (Section 2). Despite its fundamental nature, this change was not accompanied by any in-depth discussion in legal doctrine (Section 3). While unsatisfactory on a theoretical level, it seems in retrospect that this was, at a time of systemic transformation to a liberal market economy, a pragmatic and perhaps inevitable approach that served to further the newly re-established principle of freedom of contract. Paradoxically, however, with the contemporary shift to a more control-oriented approach to freedom of contract it would not be entirely surprising to see a rebirth of the role of cause and of Czachórski’s theory some time in the future (Section 4).
2
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The negative influence of armament on ecological security. Can it be reduced?

100%
Olechowski M.
Polish Journal of Political Science
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2018
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vol. 4
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issue 4
49-69
EN
This article looks at the question of the influence of armament and military activity on the environment during peace time. Different types of threats were characterized, posed by the production, storage, testing, liquidation and use of conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction. The aim of this article is to show some examples of threats for the environment, generated by armaments, and to present possible ways to reduce them. Except for the general characteristic of the different factors having a negative influence on ecological safety, some historical examples were shown of armaments which had harmed the environment in particular. Then activities will be presented, which have been being conducted by states individually or under international agreements, and strive to reduce this influence. The pure environment is one of human rights and an awareness of the importance of ecological security is growing in societies. That why the question of ensuring safety, especially in such a controversial matter as armament, becomes one of the most important global problems.
3
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The mechanism and instruments of psychological warfare

100%
Olechowski M.
Polish Journal of Political Science
|
2017
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vol. 3
|
issue 2
38-57
EN
This article presented mechanism and instruments of contemporary psychological warfare. Phenomenon of propaganda will be discussed and also the role of its main carrier: mass media. In the further part of the work cyberspace will be presented as other large area of contest for influence on societies. Manipulation of social consciousness, which is conducted by state regimes and other participators of international relations, is permanent element of contemporary international environment. That is the reason why it is so important to know mechanism of it.
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