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RU
Задача данной статьи – анализ взаимоотношений Турции и Европейского союза, прежде всего ценностей и рисков, которые она может внести в жизнь старого континента. Статья показывает историю европейской интеграции Турции, а также задачи, которые стоят перед этой страной перед вступлением в ЕС. Указаны также аргументы за и против членства этого государства в Европейском союзе с точки зрения как стран-членов ЕС, так и Турции.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the relations of the Turkish and the European Union, first of all the values and threats that it may bring into force the Old Continent. The article presents the history of European integration of Turkey and the challenges faced by this country before accession. The arguments for and against the country’s membership in the European Union from the point of view of both the Member States and Turkey are featured.
EN
The article presents the development of the Ukrainian integral nationalism directed at creating an authoritarian, National-Socialist government on the territories considered by the OUN activists ethnically Ukrainian lands. It was supposed to be an empire ruling over the Eastern Europe, encom­passing the area of 1,200,000 square kilometers. The state was supposed to be ethnically uniform, without national minorities. Friendly minorities were supposed to be resettled, whereas the hostile ones — like Poles, Russians or Jews — were to be exterminated. This government was supposed to come into existence through the Nationalist revolution. In September 1939 and during the summer of 1941 these plans were not realized. In February 1943 OUN made a decision to start the revolu­tion, the first phase of which was supposed to lead to the mass murder of the Polish population of the Volynian Voivodeship and Eastern Małopolska. OUN and its armed criminal squads, SB and UPA, murdered around 134,000–200,000 Poles inhabiting those lands. These murders caused flight and resettlement of the further several hundred thousand of Poles. The culture of the Eastern Marches of Poland was destroyed; four voivodeships were devastated. Ukraine did not gain independence. Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union was the sole beneficiary of these events.
EN
The article deals with the issues of Ukrainian aspirations to autonomy, which during the Great War took the form of actions to regain independence. However, they were not successful because they were carried out in too many directions. In the years 1917–1921, it was not possible to build a Ukrainian state that would match the exorbitant ambitions of politicians. These aspirations encountered two conflicting political trends: autonomy-independence (nationalists) and pro-Russian (Old-Russian) ones. The provisions of the Versailles Treaty and the lost wars meant that Ukrainians became negotiators of the treaty and the new political order.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę ukraińskich dążeń autonomicznych, które w czasie Wielkiej Wojny miały charakter działań niepodległościowych. Nie osiągnięto jednak sukcesu, ponieważ prowadzono je na zbyt wielu kierunkach. W latach 1917–1921 nie było możliwości budowy państwa ukraińskiego na miarę wygórowanych ambicji polityków. Dążenia te napotykały ścierające się dwa nurty polityczne: autonomiczno niepodległościowy (narodowcy) i prorosyjski (starorusini). Postanowienia traktatu wersalskiego i przegrane wojny doprowadziły do tego, iż Ukraińcy stali się negocjantami traktatu i nowego porządku politycznego.
EN
This article presents the historical determinants of the contemporary foreign policy of the Republic of Finland. Despite its low economic and military potential, the state managed to maintain in dependence and relative independence both during World War II and the Cold War. Finland’s contemporary geopolitical situation and the way it conducts its international policy stems from a long tradition of balancing its relations with major players on the international stage. The aggression of the Russian Federation towards Ukraine made it necessary to change this policy and enter the structures of the North Atlantic Treaty.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia historyczne determinanty współczesnej polityki zagranicznej Republiki Finlandii. Mimo niewielkiego potencjału gospodarczego i militarnego państwo to zdołało zachować niepodległość i względną niezależność zarówno w czasie II wojny światowej, jak i w okresie zimnej wojny. Współczesna sytuacja geopolityczna Finlandii i jej sposób prowadzenia polityki międzynarodowej wynikają z długiej tradycji zachowywania równowagi w stosunkach z największymi graczami na arenie międzynarodowej. Agresja Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainę spowodowała konieczność zmiany tej polityki i wejścia w struktury Paktu Północnoatlantyckiego.
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