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EN
This is an outline of conservation problems encountered in Markovi Kuli, the Byzantine fortress in Macedonia; the paper discusses the work conducted by a Polish-Macedonian Archeological Preservation Mission. The development of a complex conservation programme was crucial for further undertakings. The full implementation of the project, however, is not completed. Nonetheless, the striking feature of the accomplished work is its well-balanced conservation and reconstruction approach.
EN
Karakorum - the former capital of the Mongol state - and Erdene Zuu - the oldest Mongolian lamaic monastery - constitute the most important historical monuments of this country. The Ministry of Culture of Mongolia has requested a group of specialists from various countries to prepare a report which would define the premises for the conservation of this historical ensemble. These experts included the author of this article, in which he presents his extensive remarks on the subject. The examination of the ruins of Karakorum revealed the existence of ca 75 permanent edifices. Their construction (clay and timber) is the reason why archeological work must be connected with simultaneous conservation. The extant monument of the Erdene Zuu monastery calls for permanent and complex protection - the removal of vegatation around the objects and reconstruction. Due to their unsatisfactory technical condition, some of the monuments such as the town gates and the walls around the monastery call for immediate conservation-construction undertakings. A particularly significant task is the protection of unique murals in pavilions belonging to the Gurvam Zuu temples. The reconstruction of the devastated monastery should be executed upon the basis of a photogrammetric analysis of the existing archival photographs. An archeological and landscape protection zone should be delineated around both Erdene Zuu and Karakorum.
EN
Civilisational development signifies both increased interest in historical monuments and the creation of additional threats to cultural legacy, i. a. posed by decisions with longterm effects. Apparently, conservators of historical monuments are incapable of compensating for the devastation and losses produced by the neglect of users and the carelessness of officials. Every year, the number of irretrievably damaged objects continues to grow. Numerous European countries witness the positive outcome of the role played by school education as regards the prophylaxis of the protection of historical monuments. Poland became the site of multiple interesting social initiatives serving such protection. Nonetheless, there is no general model of school curricula which would make full use of knowledge about historical monuments and their protection.
EN
The devastation of cultural goods owing to natural calamities is increasingly frequently perceived as a challenge which must be faced by contemporary society. The last decades comprise a period of appreciating the view that only the concentrated efforts of numerous organisations and services will, via interdisciplinary undertakings, oppose the enormity of problems and the scale of the damage caused by a catastrophe. It has been understood that the foundation of further activity should consist of information, education and the practical training of suitable services and milieus involved in a widely comprehended sphere of the protection of cultural goods. Additional support should be provided by international cooperation and assistance realised on various levels of management and reaction. The creation, upon the basis of existing international associations, of the Blue Shield organisation could set into motion a centre for practical reaction in reference to historical monuments, resembling the international Red Cross organisation, active today.
EN
The Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Preservation Mission at El Ashmunein, set up by the State Ateliers for the Conservation of Cultural Property and the Egyptian Antiquities Organization has undertaken the task of working out a programme for the preservation of ruins of ancient Hermapolis Magna. The first stage comprised ruins of Early Christian basilica, where some conservation work had been done in the forties. The basilica is the first architectural monument in Ashmunein for which a complex programme of studies will be drawn, aimed at determining causes and degree of the corrosion of stone building material. This will allow to decide upon a technique of future conservation procedure. The basic conservation problem is to protect stone buildings against salt penetration. Due to a high level of ground water and recently changed water and climatic conditions fine examples of architecture are exposed to corrosion, the scope of which is hardly to be foreseen. Therefore, apart from the studies on the corrosion of the stone an important problem is also to carry out hydrogeological studies of the entire post and afterwards to determine a degree of endangerings to which other monuments are exposed. An important subject is also to make observations of the progress of erosion in preserved structures from dried brick as well as to prepare documentation on the present condition of their preservation.
EN
Recently, a new Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Preservation Mission has come into being. It operates in central Egypt in Asmunein — the ancient Hermopolis Magna. The monuments surviving in the town are in very bad condition and must be preserved without delay. In Ashmunein the high level of the water table causes salty water suction by limestone and salt crystallization, which results in the destruction of stone monuments. The mission began its work with a 5th century A.D. basilica, one of Egypt's biggest. Its foundations were built of reused blocks from dismantled Hellenistic buildings. The high artistic quality of the Hellenistic elements led to the dismantling of the basilica remains during the archaeological excavations carried on in the 1940 s. Currently, investigation of the basilica is being carried out and documentation is being prepared for the technical draft of its restoration. During the conservation work, Polish specialists are also carrying out lab analyses.
EN
Having presented the history of Palmyra, an ancient town situated at the Syrian Desert, the capital of an independent Kingdom of Palmyra in the 3rd century and destroyed in 273 by the Romans, and basing on the hitherto history of archaeological and architectonic studies, the author discusses works in the field of discoveries and monument conservation in this complex. Since 1959 an archaeological mission of the Polish Station of the Meditteranean Archaeology of Warsaw University has been working in Palmyra. Research works in the west of the town on the site of the Dioclecian camp ano in the vicinity of the nearby necropolis in the Valley of Tombs were initiated by Professor Kazimierz Michałowski. At present for 10 years the works have been carried out under the leadership of dr Michał Gawlikowski. The twenty-year period of studies is the time in which the Poles could boast a number of important discoveries as w e ll as studies on the history and art of Palmyra. One of quite important but less known aspects of the Polish activity on the site of the town are conservation works. The next problem presented by the author is a discussion on the causes and kinds of devastations found in Palmyra; a poor condition of architectural monuments was due to both destructive actions of the man already in the ancient times and to natural forces. This led to irreversible losses. Conservation works on this historic complex have been carried out by several Polish conservation teams since 1963. In the nearest future the Polish mission will complete the exploitation of the site of the Diocletian camp. The works have been undertaken on the project of protecting this site against atmospheric erosion and to make the camp open to the visitors. According to the plan (its author is the author of the present article) an open-air archaeological museum is to be made there, playing simultaneously a role of a lapidary collection. This would allow to better present to the visitors subsequent phases of the development of the West District of Palmyra as well as to preserve the most valuable architectonic structures. It may be assumed that during the execution of this plan minor conservation and reconstruction works w ill be done in order to preserve for the forthcoming generations the rescued monuments of Palmyra.
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