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Comments on job migration from Poland

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EN
Job migration and re-emigration are the most important problems of Polish migration policy. Social and economic assessment of their results should take into account the previously established mechanisms of job resources usage in Poland, which are disadvantageous and push many people to leave the job market lowering job activity. Slowing down reforms lengthening factual time of employment, increasing activity of the unemployed, and speeding up the flow of rural population to out-agricultural jobs makes job emigration a serious factor causing financial problems of social security institutions. It also causes the deficit of qualified workers on the home market. The activities aiming at decreasing the costs of creating new work places and eliminating the differences in attractiveness between home and foreign job markets are the conditions of limiting such a large scale of job emigration and encouraging the emigrants to return home
EN
The problem of national minorities marginalization needs to be considered in a broader context than the case of other groups touched by this phenomenon. From sociological point of view marginalization by definition is a feature of national minorities because of their subordination to dominant group. It limits the opportunity of providing specific cultural needs that are representative for majority. In this sense, all national minorities are touched by ethnic-cultural marginalization. Social policy theory usually defines marginalization as a lack of equal access to welfare, labour market and education. According to this only few national minorities in Poland may be acknowledged as marginalized. The first group are the Roms who may be characterized as totally marginalized. Two other groups may be described as less educated what causes disadvantageous differences in their social structure in comparison to the structure of the whole society. In case of Belarussians it is a consequence of intensive polonisation of the better educated members of this group. In case of German minority, legal and simple work in Germany is valued more than higher social position in Poland.
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