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PL
1. Chów zwierząt w miastach jako przedmiot badań historii gospodarczej i społecznej. 2. Chów zwierząt w miastach jako przedmiot badań historii prawa. 3.1. Przywileje monarsze i właścicieli miast. 3.2. Powszechne prawo niemieckie. 3.3. Uchwały władz miejskich. 3.4. Prawo cechowe. 3.5. Inne źródła prawa. 4. Konkluzje.
EN
In previously published papers (Przegląd Sejmowy no. 5(142)/2017 and 2(163)/2021) the authors proposed definitions of notions: normativity, redundancy, and uselessness of the legal text and analysed from a typological point of view the basic units of the integral (articulated) part of normative acts, i.e. legal provisions. In this text, the analysis has been extended to include the other elements of the legal text, i.e.: preambles, titles, subtitles, definitions in brackets, footnotes and attachments, which contain sentences and other elements (tables, equations, graphics, maps, sheet music). The terminology has also been extended to include fragments of provisions, normative acts as a whole, and plural provisions. These elements can (with some definitional amendments) be analysed in the same way as provisions using the categories: “doubles”, “widows”, “orphans”, and “botches”. In their closing remarks, the authors signaled the need to complement the analysis with a theoretical and comparative perspectives: to confront the proposed theses with the leading normative and descriptive theories of legal text drafting and interpretation. The fourth part of this cycle of papers, devoted to these problems, is currently being prepared.
EN
In a previously published article (Przegląd Sejmowy No. 5(142)/2017) the authors proposed definitions of the following concepts: normativity, redundancy and uselessness of a legal text. The article provides a typological review of Polish legal texts. The authors analysed the basic units of the integral (articulated) part of normative acts, i.e. legal provisions, showing their normativity, redundancy, and uselessness. The analyse includes: internal preambles, provisions describing the object and subject scope of the act, legal principles, programme and task provisions, meliorative provisions, emendations, permanently unrealisable regulations, legal definitions. The analyses led to identification of four basic types of errors in legal provisions, which were named: “doubles”, “widows”, “orphans”, and “botches”. In their closing remarks, the authors signalled the need to supplement the analysis with a description of non-integral (non-articulated) parts of normative acts. Another part of the study, devoted to these problems, is currently being prepared.
EN
The theory of rational lawgiver entails an assumption of normativeness of legal text. The assumption can be expressed in two propositions: (1) articulated parts of legal text are normative, and (2) other parts of legal text (i.e. preambles, titles of acts, parts, chapters etc.) are not normative. Closer examination of Polish legal text shows that propositions (1)–(2) are not necessarily always true. The authors propose several defi nitions and use the enriched vocabulary to express theoretical possibility and to show real cases of non-normative fragments of articulated parts of legal texts and normative fragments of other parts of legal text. The types of normativeness are defi ned: the broadest, broad, and strict. The notion of normativeness is tightly connected with notions of redundancy and superfl uity of legal texts. The distinctions which were made in the article can be used — as the authors hint in the conclusion remarks — to expand contemporary theories of legal interpretation, and to improve the quality of lawmaking process in Poland.
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