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PL
We współczesnych gospodarkach szczególną rolę odgrywają procesy produkcji, dystrybucji oraz wykorzystywania wiedzy i informacji, których duży udział charakteryzuje przemysł wysokiej techniki oraz usługi wiedzochłonne. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie przestrzennego zróżnicowania poziomu ich rozwoju w krajach Europy Środkowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zmian zatrudnienia. Okres badawczy obejmuje lata 2000–2013. Realizacji tak sformułowanego celu podporządkowano rozważania w następujących obszarach: 1) istoty i uwarunkowań rozwoju sektorów wysokiej techniki, 2) analizy rozwoju przemysłu high-tech, 3) zmian zatrudnienia w usługach wiedzochłonnych, a zwłaszcza usług high-tech. Obserwowane w Polsce zmiany są zgodne z kierunkiem zmian zachodzących w krajach wysoko rozwiniętych, przy czym ich dynamika, ze względu na konieczność niwelowania luki występującej w tym obszarze, wydaje się niewystarczająca. W polskiej gospodarce rozwój tych sektorów powinien być traktowany w sposób priorytetowy. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że wykorzystanie odpowiednich instrumentów polityki gospodarczej, a szczególnie fiskalnej, jak również rozbudowa sieci wyspecjalizowanych instytucji, takich jak parki czy platformy technologiczne, mogłoby przyczynić się do ich rozwoju, a w konsekwencji – do unowocześnienia polskiej gospodarki. Podejmowanie działań mających na celu wspieranie rozwoju tych sektorów jest ważne również ze względu na możliwości absorpcji przez nie wysokiej jakości zasobów pracy.
EN
The processes of knowledge production and diffusion play a special role in contemporary economies. Their high share is typical for high-tech industries and knowledge-intensive services. The goal of the article is to present their spatial diversity in Central and Eastern Europe, with special attention focused on employment changes. Research period covers the years 2000–2013. The considerations in the article were conducted in the following areas: 1) high-tech industries and knowledge-intensive services determinants of development, 2) the analysis of high-tech industries development, 3) employment changes in KIS, especially high-tech KIS. Changes in Poland are in line with the direction of the changes taking place in developed countries, however their dynamics seems to be insufficient. That is why the development of high-tech sectors should be treated as a priority in Polish economy. There is no doubt that the use of appropriate instruments of economic policy, especially fiscal, as well as expansion of technology platforms, would contribute to their development and, consequently, the modernization of the Polish economy. It should be stressed that such actions are important not only because of hightech sectors development, but also due to the absorption of the high-quality labor force.
PL
We współczesnych gospodarkach usługi odgrywają kluczową rolę, stanowiąc największe źró- dło przyrostu miejsc pracy, determinują sprawny przebieg procesów produkcyjnych, a część z nich służy zaspokajaniu potrzeb społecznych ludności. Jednak ze względu na zanikanie podziału gospodarki na trzy sektory coraz ważniejsze stają się zmiany zachodzące wewnątrz sektorów. Stąd celem artykułu jest rozpo- znanie stanu rozwoju sektora usług w Polsce w latach 1995–2014 z uwzględnieniem zmian wewnątrzsekto- rowych oraz prognoza zatrudnienia do 2022 roku. Badania w obszarze przemian strukturalnych na rynku pracy umożliwiają ocenę poziomu rozwoju sektora usług w Polsce oraz wskazanie istotnych czynników de- terminujących tę sytuację. Realizacja tak sformułowanego celu wymagała odniesienia się do następujących kwestii: 1) determinant rozwoju sektora usług, 2) charakterystyki KIBS, 3) analizy zmian zatrudnienia w sek- torze usług oraz KIBS w latach 1995–2014 oraz 4) perspektyw dalszego rozwoju trzeciego sektora oraz KIBS w Polsce.
EN
In the economies of developed countries, services play a key role; they are the largest source of employment growth. Moreover, services determine the efficiency of production processes and some of them serve the purpose of meeting the social needs of population. Due to the progressing inequality of share in the traditional three-sector division of the economy, the intra-industry changes become more important. Thus, the goal of the article is to present the level of service sector development in Poland between 1995 and 2014, with special focus on intra-sectoral employment changes and employment forecast up to 2022. In order to do so, the author had to consider the following areas: 1) determinants of service sector development, 2) KIBS characteristics, 3) the analysis of employment changes in the service sector and KIBS in 1995–2014, 4) the forecast of services sector and KIBS development in Poland.
EN
Shifts in the trisectoral structure of economy are directly connected with the development level of a given country, which is in turn accompanied by changes in the labour market: jobs disappear in some sectors and are established in others. The growth of employment in the service sector is accompanied by a systematic drop in the number of persons working in industry and agriculture, which is defined as an economy servication process. The direction of changes in polish economy corresponds to the changes in the EU-15, which confirms the convergence of employment structures, and what was the purpose of this article. However, it should be stressed that the direction and dynamics of changes taking place within each sector is insufficient, especially with regard to the high-tech sectors.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the changes in the perception of the work during the process of civilization, with particular emphasis on changes in the level of employment in the service sector in Poland during 2004-2011 and compare their dynamics with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which together joined the European Union in 2004. Reducing disparities in this area between Poland and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, but especially the EU-27 require an intensive development of the knowledge economy, using UE funds.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present dependences between the level of education and the situation of youth on the labour market in the European Union. Young people leaving the education system and entering the labour market face many barriers. They can't find a job and especially they are worried about lack of good job opportunities in their field of study. One of the main concerns of young job seekers is that the available jobs are poorly paid, so they don't guarantee the suitable living standard. The activity and employment rates of young people in all European countries are much lower than in the remaining age groups and that confirms their difficult situation on the labour market.
PL
The development of the mentalising ability. The research on the relation between theories of mind, language abilities and executive functionsThe main aim of the presented research was to indicate relations between the chosen factors of cognitive control that make a preschool child to develop the ability to mentalise –means reflect and consciously control his or her own behavior and thinking. Three such factors were searched: theories of mind, executive functions and language abilities.39 children aged 4 and 6 were tested with: False Belief Tests, Test of Language Development HSET by Grimm i Schöler and tests to examine 4 aspects of executive functions (flexibility, working memory, planning and organization, inhibition).There were 3 directions of the analysis of the obtained results and they indicate that: there are relations between theories of mind, executive functions and language abilities (the correlation is between 0.65 and 0.76); the tested aspects of theories of mind, executive functions and language abilities are interrelated to the different degree; there are important developmental changes in the tested factors of cognitive control in children aged form 4 to 6.
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