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EN
The contribution offers an overview of basis terms and a brief history of Hungarian ethnography including the history of Hungarian society (and nation) from the Middle Ages to the present. The author deals more thoroughly with more important authors and works that can be considered to be ethnographic. The most significant ones include Miklós Oláh (1537), Mátyás Bél (1735–1742), a statistics describing the theory of state, János Csaplovics (1822, 1829), Herder´s prophecy about the extinction of the Magyars (1791), collections and regional descriptions in the “reform period”, Ferenc Kölcsey and his “national traditions“ (1826), János Erdélyi who further developed the same theme (1847), new beginnings after the revolutio (1848–1849), Pál Hunfalvy (1876), foundation of the Hungarian Museum of Ethnography (1872), general and industrial exhibitions, the book Österreichische Monarchie in Wort und Bild (1886–1902), publication of comparative journals, the National Millennium Exhibition in 1896, foundation of the Hungarian Ethnographic Society (1889), Lajos Katon´s suggestion for terminology (1889: ethnologia – ethnographia – folklore), the period before World War I and the end of the “golden age” after World War I.
EN
There are numerous kinds of accounts of the history semiotics, and a number of people have been claimed to be the founder or a classic of the present-day science of signs. It is primarily the nineteenth-century American pragmatist philosopher, Charles S. Peirce, and the Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure, who are usually taken to be its real initiators. Followers of the former use the English term semiotics, whereas those of the latter use the French term 'sémiologie', to refer to the general and specific study of signs today. In accordance with the subject matter of the present conference, the paper first discusses Saussure's reference to the study of signs, followed by a discussion of the work of two modern semioticians, Louis Hjelmselv and Roland Barthes, who have systematised and laid out the areas of modern semiology. It was only to a certain extent that the 'Saussurean' theory of signs was relied on by the next generation of semioticians (like the school of A. J. Greimas). Nevertheless, semiotics as it has consolidated and is applied worldwide today continues to think of Ferdinand de Saussure as one of its classics.
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