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  2. 2 2006

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  1. 3 Motowidlak T.

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1

The Environmental Aspects of Building Unified Electric Energy Market in the European Union

100%
Motowidlak T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2006
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2-3(31-32)
176-188
EN
The paper presents market mechanisms leading towards the reduction of greenhouse gas emission. It also presents the impact of their implementation and especially the impact of the European Emission Trading System on the building and functioning of the unified electric energy market of the European Union
2

The Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Various Disciplines

100%
Motowidlak T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2007
|
vol. 10
|
issue 3(36)
121-134
EN
This paper concerns the systems of artificial intelligence because the interest in them is still growing. Neural nets, fuzzy systems and genetic algorithms are successfully used in very different areas like economy, medicine, technology and geology. Those first can be used in all the cases involving prediction, classification and controlling. The fuzzy systems allow problems solving by the differential, simultaneous influence of input variables of a model. However, genetic algorithms have turned out to provide good results in vast spaces. In cause of neural networks it is important, that the minimal condition of their use is certainty (or at least strong suspicion) of the existing dependency between proposed signals (treated as input signal of neural net) and the unknown output signals. The existing information on specific data concerning explored questions is a basis of some impressions concerning essential (or intuitive) choice of input and output signals of a network. The construction of neural net connects both of the signal types making it possible to exploit the model.
3

Energy Taxes in European Union Countries

100%
Motowidlak T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2006
|
vol. 9
|
issue 4(33)
180-198
EN
This article analyses the problem of shaping EU tax strategy in the energetic sector. The taxes are an important economic instrument influencing the activity on the common EU energy market. The different tax systems for energetic products in the EU-countries create barriers for more effective allocation of resources and lack of equal competition conditions. The last feature becomes especially important in face of EU aspiration to establish a uniform, competitive energy market. The different taxes can cause that the energy market participants can favour activity on internal markets instead of foreign markets. Those problems gain more meaning in reference to EU electricity market, on which the liberalisation process is most advanced. In some EU countries the energy taxes results in the high level of electricity prices. It doesn't promote the achievement of the one of the main purposes of liberalisation, i.e. the decrease of electricity prices. The differences in tax levels have also negative effect on the clarity of electricity price mechanism and disturb the market competitiveness as result. The results of harmonisation of the internal tax systems in the EU countries will not be the same for each country. They will depend on the current degree of taxation in each country and on the scope of their economies' energy efficiency.
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