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1

THE EVOLUTION OF ETHNOCENTRISM

100%
Marosan G.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2008
|
vol. 63
|
issue 4
709-731
EN
The article - based on the latest results - reconstruct the main steps of evolution ethnocentrism. It identifies the most important stages of the development of ethnocentrism within the societies. In the past years - besides analyzing the other-regarding behavior - more and more experiments were carried out to examine definitely the effect of ethnocentric behavior, and the formation of this kind of behavior during the socialization. The article argues that it is useful to differentiate between the stages of emergence of ethnocentrism. Analyzing the complex phenomena of ethnocentric behavior one can separate as distinct stages the emergence of the ethnocentric psychological attitude, than stereotyping and prejudices, and finally the emergence of complex ethnocentric ideology, as a social institution.
2

Praising punishment

100%
Marosan G.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
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2008
|
vol. 18
|
issue 3
109-123
EN
The article surveys the role of the institutions of punishment in the society. In the past years - besides of analyzing the other-regarding behavior - more and more experiments were carried out to purposefully examine the effect of punishment. These experiments were carried out partly on human subjects, and partly on agents of computer simulations. The results of the experiments show a much more appropriate picture about role of the punishment institutions in societies. The article presents the characteristics of different types - direct, indirect, and altruistic - punishments. It argues that the punishment behavior of different people depends on their personality, life-history, as well as their social circumstances. The article analyses the different types of distortion of punishments. It also claims that the different institutions of punishments are essential for the integration of the society.
3

The evolution of pro-social values, in the light of game-theory experiments

100%
Marosan G.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2007
|
vol. 54
|
issue 7/8
716-733
EN
The author summarizes the latest findings of research into the evolution of the pro-social values that enable the creation of society. Attention is focused on the results of the last decade based on various experiments in society (using the prisoner's dilemma, dictator, ultimatum and common-property games). Examinations of communities at different levels of economic development outline a course of evolution of pro-social values. The author explains in terms of ethno-centrism the contradictory results of assumptions about collectors thought to be equalizing. As group size increases, the level of trust and cooperation falls. The various welfare institutions of the state develop to compensate for this. Pro-social values in modern societies undergo dual change influenced by the market and international division of labour. On the one hand, trust and propensity to cooperate is extended to strangers, and on the other, social contacts are reinforced by the market (and money).
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