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Тенденции реорганизации спецслужб Польши после 1989 г.

100%
Siemiątkowski Z.
Studia Politologiczne
|
2013
|
issue 30
140-158
EN
Secret services inherited after the former system were not in any way adjusted to the conditions of a free, open society or to the created standards of a democratic state of law. The new authorities of the democratic country faced the problem of building their own secret services subordinated to the rules of a sovereign state. It was necessary to choose the way to create them as well as establish their organizational shape, competences and tasks. The idea of a violent revolution in the services was given up and the intermediate variant was chosen. It was radical in its content but gentle in form. The model shaped in 1990 was based on dividing secret services into civil and military ones. The former were subordinated to the Minister of the Interior, then to the Prime Minister, whereas the latter – to the Minister of National Defense. The Office for State Protection was the service performing the tasks of civil intelligence and counterintelligence. With time, it was granted the competences from the field of combating organized crime aimed at the economic basis of the state. UOP was the leading service in the system of institutions of the state’s security. The Military Information Services were the old internal services of the armed forces modified only in a slight degree. In the second stage of the reform of 2002, UOP was divided into two separate agencies. Internal Security Agency took over the majority of competences and tasks of UOP. The Foreign Intelligence Agency is responsible for foreign intelligence. Liquidation of WSI realized in 2006 in a rapid manner introduced chaos and disorganization in military services, which till today feel the consequences of the operation performed then. According to the declarations of the government, new reforms await secret services in 2013.
2
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Directions of Changes Taking Place in the Polish Secret Service After 1989

100%
Siemiątkowski Z.
Studia Politologiczne
|
2014
|
vol. 31
132-147
EN
Secret services inherited from the former system were not in any way adjusted to the conditions of a free, open society or to the created standards of a democratic state of law. The new authorities of the democratic country faced the problem of building their own secret services subordinated to the rules of a sovereign state. It was necessary to choose the way to create them as well as establish their organizational shape, competences and tasks. The idea of a revolution in the services was given up and the intermediate variant was chosen. It was radical in its content but gentle in form. The model shaped in 1990 was based on dividing secret services into civil and military ones. The former were subordinated to the Minister of the Interior, then to the Prime Minister, whereas the latter – to the Minister of National Defense. The Office for State Protection (UOP) was the service performing the tasks of civil intelligence and counterintelligence. With time, it was granted the competences from the field of combating organized crime aimed at the economic basis of the state. UOP was the leading service in the system of institutions of the state’s security. The Military Information Services (WSI) were the old internal services of the armed forces modified only in a slight degree. In the second stage of the reform of 2002, UOP was divided into two separate agencies. Internal Security Agency took over the majority of competences and tasks of UOP. The Foreign Intelligence Agency is responsible for foreign intelligence. Liquidation of WSI realized in 2006 in a rapid manner introduced chaos and disorganization in military services, which till today feel the consequences of the operation performed then. According to the declarations of the government, new reforms await secret services in 2013.
3
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Dziedzictwo służb specjalnych Federacji Rosyjskiej. Od ochrany carskiej do Federalnej Służby Bezpieczeństwa

100%
Siemiątkowski Z.
Studia Politologiczne
|
2017
|
vol. 43
13-35
EN
Today Soviet Union Secret Services inherits the leading role and the whole government system from their forerunners of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Just like the contemporary Russia refers to the Russia-before the revolution history, the present secret services had adapted to its legacy the memory of tsarist Ochrana. At the time of political transformation, the secret services had saved the KGB-staff and operational continuity, in the opposite to most of the previous Russian organizational authorities. Despite the names, its nature was changed only a little bit. They got a new way of functioning. They became one of the most important parts of the new authority scheme. The Russian secret services are nowadays not only one of the authority tools (as the tsarist Ochrana or KGB before), but they are also a real and important creator of the country’s policy. The secret services public officials (before and current), have definitely become more important by being the new leading class of contemporary Russia. The siłowniki background creates the close and clannish group of people from whom the human resources of the financial and country management are recruited.
4

Тенденции реорганизации спецслужб Польши, начиная с 1989 года

100%
Siemiątkowski Z.
Studia Politologiczne
|
2013
|
vol. 30
140-156
RU
Унаследованные от предыдущей системы спецслужбы не соответствовали условиям свободного, открытого общества и создаваемых стандартов демократического правового государства. Перед новой властью демократического государства возникла проблема формирования собственных, соответствующих правилам суверенного государства, специальных служб. Обязателен был выбор пути их построения, необходимо было также определить их организационную форму, компетенции и задания. Правящие круги отказались от резких шагов, выбран оптимальный вариант - радикальный по содержанию и лояльный по форме.
EN
Secret services inherited after the former system were not in any way adjusted to the conditions of a free, open society or to the created standards of a democratic state of law. The new authorities of the democratic country faced the problem of building their own secret services subordinated to the rules of a sovereign state. It was necessary to choose the way to create them as well as establish their organizational shape, competences and tasks. The idea of a violent revolution in the services was given up and the intermediate variant was chosen. It was radical in its content but gentle in form. The model shaped in 1990 was based on dividing secret services into civil and military ones. The former were subordinated to the Minister of the Interior, then to the Prime Minister, whereas the latter – to the Minister of National Defense. The Office for State Protection was the service performing the tasks of civil intelligence and counterintelligence.
5
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Służby specjalne w państwach poradzieckich

51%
Siemiątkowski Z., Zaleśny J., i inni i. i.
Studia Politologiczne
|
2017
|
vol. 43
1-302
PL
Motywem przewodnim prezentowanego kolejnego tomu „Studiów Politologicznych” jest ukazanie miejsca i roli służb specjalnych w państwach powstałych po rozpadzie Związku Radzieckiego. W życiu społecznym i politycznym ZSRR służby specjalne odgrywały rolę szczególną, typową dla państw o systemie totalitarnym. W doktrynie służby specjalne stanowią ważny element systemu bezpieczeństwa państwa. Ich zadaniem jest rozpoznawanie i przeciwdziałanie zjawiskom zewnętrznym oraz wewnętrznym, które zagrażają interesom kraju. Rola służb sprowadzona jest do uzyskiwania w sposób tajny oraz analizowania, przetwarzania i przekazywania właściwym organom władzy informacji, które mogą mieć istotne znaczenie dla prowadzonej przez państwo polityki bezpieczeństwa we wszystkich wymiarach, jak również na wyprzedzającym informowaniu o potencjalnych i istniejących zagrożeniach dla kraju. W systemach demokratycznych służby podlegają kontroli czynników politycznych. Nie stanowią autonomicznego obszaru nie poddanego kontroli ze strony społeczeństwa. Ich zadania ściśle wynikają z potrzeb państwa i prowadzonej przez to państwo polityki. W żadnym stopniu służby wywiadu i kontrwywiadu nie mogą ingerować w świat polityki. W systemie państw demokratycznych istnieje również groźba wymknięcia się służb specjalnych spod kontroli czynników politycznych. Zjawisko to nie ma jednak charakteru systemowego, może tylko stanowić wyjątek potwierdzający regułę, jaką jest podporządkowanie służb cywilnej kontroli ze strony konstytucyjnych organów władzy oraz opinii publicznej.
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