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PL
Each country which allows for organ transplantation developed legal regula-tions concerning the related procedure the objective of which is to both ensure the safety of the procedure and to prevent trafficking in human organs . There are however substantial differences between the solutions adopted by particular legislators .The most commonly used models include the legal construct of explicit consent (represented by Norwegian legislator) and presumed consent (adopted in Poland) . A half-way model described as a bridge between those two constructs is the gift law construct adopted in the USA .The analysis of particular legal regulations related to transplantology may have an impact on amendments to Polish legislation aiming at an increase in the number of organ transplants .
EN
The paper investigates a new Polish regulation which requires doctors’ permission to use force during medical treatment. It begins with an overview of the former regulations and the dilemmas, especially those associated with patients with medical disorders treated in non-psychiatric hospitals. The second section focuses on the problems with a new procedure regarding the use of force against patients who are treated in psychiatric and non-psychiatric hospitals and are not able to produce legally binding consent. It also looks at the differences between the current and the former procedures. The article concludes that the new regulation has not improved patients’ safety and management of hospitals.
EN
Disputable filiation cases play a significant role in civil lawsuits. Hearing of evidence in the above-mentioned cases is tightly connected with proofs of biological nature, with DNA testing playing a special role, which, when properly done, permits an exclusion of fatherhood with 100% certainty or its determination with nearly 100% certainty.
PL
Sprawy z zakresu spornej filiacji odgrywają szczególną rolę wśród procesów cywilnych. Procedura dowodowa w powyższych sprawach jest nieodzownie związana z dowodami natury biologicznej, wśród których szczególną rolę odgrywa dowód z badań DNA, który prawidłowo przeprowadzony pozwala ze stuprocentową pewnością na wykluczenie ojcostwa oraz z prawdopodobieństwem graniczącym z pewnością jego ustalenie.
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