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1

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND TILL 1914 (Rozwoj przemyslu chemicznego w Krolestwie Polskim do 1914 r.)

100%
Kowalczyk R.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
|
2010
|
vol. 55
|
issue 3-4
185-216
EN
The chemical industry in the Kingdom of Poland developed at the turn of the 19th century. Earlier, in the field of industry in the Kingdom one could observe only two lines of the chemical industry: aliphatic and soap, and gas-producing and coal gas. The beginnings of the first mentioned line appeared at the turn of the 18th century, and the second branch - in the half of the 19th century. The development of chemical industry was stimulated by foreign capital expenditure, mainly by German capital. Tariffs had a significant impact on foreign capital expenditures within chemical industry on the territories of Russian Empire, and also in the Kingdom as the most industrialized part of Empire. Thanks to the direct capital expenditures in the Kingdom foreign investors got an access to the receptive Russian market using the potential and technological thought of their establishments - 'mother' firms. In 1913 a share of foreign capital in chemical industry in the Kingdom reached 20,30 %. By dint of foreign capital expenditures in the years 1900 - 1913 production's value in chemical industry rose from 12 to 40,9 million roubles. The foreign capital however used to invest only in the most industrialized provinces of the Kingdom - Warsaw and Piotrkow. And the greatest concentration of chemical industry could be observed just in the above-mentioned provinces. In the years 1904 - 1913 a number of establishments fluctuated there from 88,09 to 81,18 %, and the employment - from 91,83 to 91,09 %. This tendency could be observed till the outbreak of World War I. The Polish and Jewish capital that invested in chemical industry, did not have such financial resources. The investors' establishments were not large and were technologically under-developed, but the Polish and Jewish capital invested in the local market, particularly in agricultural provinces of the Kingdom.
2

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAILWAY SYSTEM IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND TILL 1914 (Gospodarcze aspekty rozwoju kolejnictwa w Królestwie Polskim do 1914 r.)

100%
Kowalczyk R.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
|
2009
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
37-62
EN
The railways had an enormous impact on the development of industry in the Kingdom of Poland. However, putting the first Warsaw-Vienna railway line into service did not influence the economic situation in the Kingdom positively. Not before building the branch Zabkowice-Szopienice-Katowice (1859), which connected Warsaw Industrial District with Zaglebie Dabrowskie, it brought about the development of industry in the Kingdom. Having launched the Lódz Fabryczna railway line into service (1866), one could observe a dynamic increase of production in three main centres of industry of the Kingdom of Poland - in Lódz, and Industrial District of Sosnowiec and Czestochowa. The construction of the Warsaw and Petersburg (1862), Warsaw and Terespol (1866-1870), Moscow and Brzesc (1872), and Kiev and Brzesc (1873) railway lines opened a receptive Russian market for industry of the Kingdom of Poland. Since the nineties of the 19th century till 1914 about 60 to 90 % of the Kingdom production (textile trade, metal and mechanical industry, metallurgic and pit-coal branch) was exported into the Russian Empire. However, the Russian strategic principles had a negative influence on the development of the railway system in the Kingdom. Till 1914 in many regions it was not permitted to build any railway lines which slowed down their economic development. In these conditions the construction of the narrow-gauge railways was initiated. Finally, after 1900, when the authorities of a province and not of the Ministry of Transport began to give permission to build broad-gauge railways the situation improved. Among others, it happened in the case of the railways of Kujawy, Lubelszczyzna and agglomeration of Warsaw and Lódz (in the neighbourhood of Lódz the narrow-gauge railways were replaced with tramways).
3

THE DEVELOPMENT OF METALLURGY IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND IN THE YEARS 1870-1914 (Rozwoj hutnictwa w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1870-1914)

100%
Kowalczyk R.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 3-4
427-448
EN
The development of metallurgy in the Kingdom of Poland was dependent on Russian customs policy. Due to Russia's defeat in the Crimean War the Russian government, trying to facilitate the development of railways, decided to introduce the progressive liberalization of tariffs. The liberal era, started by the Minister of Finance Mikhail Reitern, saw the Russian market flooded with ironware imported from Western Europe. Metallurgy had no chance to develop. The only survives were producers from Swietokrzyski Okreg Przemyslowy (henceforth SOP) (Swietokrzyski Industrial Region). They survived on the market thanks to local demand, since the railway network was poorly developed and the cost of transport was very high. The situation changed radically in 1877. The system of privileged railway concessions introduced in Russia during the liberal era proved to be a heavy charge for the budget. Additionally, its debts grew after the outbreak of Russian-Turkish war. Consequently, Russia changed its economic doctrine and introduced the so-called 'golden duties'. After 1877 in the Kingdom of Poland the most profitable branch of metallurgy was steel production. It grew from 5,138 tons do 310,447 tons in the years 1878-1910. The most significant producers of steel were initially: the French company 'Societe Anonyme des Forges et Acieries de Huta Bankowa and Stalownia Warszawska' (its shareholders were: 'Tow. Akc. Starachowickich Zakladow Gorniczych, Tow. Akc. Przemyslowe Zakladow Mechanicznych i Gorniczych Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein' and the German investor from Ruhrort in the Ruhr 'Rheinische Stahlwerke A.G.)'. Then there were German firms 'Vereinigte Königs-und Laurahütte A. G. für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb' - Huta 'Katarzyna', 'Milowizer Eisenwerk A. G.' 'Huta Aleksander', the 'Czestochowa' steelworks, belonging to the German concern 'Oberschlesische Eisenindustrie A. G.' and the 'Zawiercie' steelworks belonging to 'Oberschlesische Eisenbahn-Bedarfs A. G.' As a result, in 1910 75.94 % of steel was produced in steelworks controlled by foreign investors; 47.23 % of the output came from German and 28.71 % from French companies. The production of iron and ironware before the 1880s was mostly based on import. In the 1870s iron was produced by private and state-owned ironworks of the SOP; in 1876 their output was 17,700 tons. The year 1881 was a turning point for this branch of industry. The Russian government abolished the duty-free import quota on iron and raised customs duties for imported ironware. This attracted German investors to the Kingom of Poland. In 1910 German-controlled ironworks located in the Sosnowiecko-Czestochowski Okreg Przemyslowy (henceforth S-COP)(Sosnowiec-Czestochowa Industrial Region) dominated in the production of iron and ironware: out of the 25,353 tons of total output 83.55 % came from ironworks belonging to German investors. Before the 1880s foreign companies did not smelt pig iron in the Kingdom, since its import was cost-effective. In 1876 31,000 tons of pig iron were produced in the private and state-owned companies of the SOP. In 1880 'Societe Anonyme des Forges et Acieries de Huta Bankowa' started to smelt pig iron in a new blast furnace shop. But it was only after the import tariff on pig iron was raised again in 1887 that most German investors decided to introduce a full production cycle in their ironworks. In 1890 127,300 tons of pig iron were smelted, 60.49% of which in ironworks belonging to foreign investors (47.74% in French and 12.75% in German ones). In 1913 80.80% of pig iron was produced by foreign companies, 77.88% of which was smelted in S-COP. The production of zinc was dominated by foreign companies already in the 1860s. This branch of metallurgy was first invested into by a German businessman from Upper Silesia, Gustaw von Kramst. In 1877 his plants smelted 60.10% of zinc from calamine ores out of the total output of the Kingom, amounting to 4,100 tons. The situation changed in 1890, when the assets of Kramst's company ('Tow. gorniczo-przemyslowe von Kramsta') were taken over by the French-controlled company 'Towarzystwo kopaln i zakladow hutniczych Sosnowieckich'. At the same time, the Russian government leased the state-owned zinc plants to the Russian company called 'Dzierzawcy rzadowych zakladow gorniczych w Krolestwie Polskim'. Due to French and Russian investments the production of zinc in the years 1891-1896 grew from 3,700 to 6,300 tons, but a real breakthrough in this branch came in 1897, when the assets of the bankrut company 'Dzierzawcy rzadowych zakladow gorniczych w Krolestwie Polskim' were taken over by the French investor 'Tow. Francusko-Rosyjskie' affiliated with 'Societe Anonyme des Forges et Acieres de Huta Bankowa'. Tow. Francusko-Rosyjskie' invested significant capital in the development of zinc production and in 1913 their plants smelted 60.20 % of the zinc produced in the Kingom, as compared with 39.80% smelted by the plants owned by 'Tow. kopaln i zakladow hutniczych Sosnowieckich'. Zinc production grew from 5,900 to 8,100 tons in the years 1897-1913.
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