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PL
Najnowsze dane demograficzne potwierdzają, że Polska pozostaje nadal krajem emigracji netto, zatem odpływ zdecydowanie przewyższa napływ. Aż 75% czasowych emigrantów pozostawało poza Polską dłużej niż 12 miesięcy, byli oni rezydentami krajów przyjmujących, a perspektywy ich powrotu są niepewne. Jakie będą konsekwencje obecnej fali odpływu dla gospodarki, funkcjonowania społeczeństwa, lokalnych społeczności? Artykuł koncentruje się na zobrazowaniu dynamiki obecnych migracji, z uwzględnieniem aspektu regionalnego oraz jej cech socjo-demograficznych. Przeprowadzono analizy porównawcze obejmujące okres pomiędzy dwoma ostatnimi spisami powszechnymi ludności, tj. w 2002 i 2011 roku. Przedstawione dane stanowią podstawę wskazania typów dyskursów medialnych na temat migracji rodzin.
EN
According to the most recent demographic data, Poland remains a country of net emigration, with population outflows significantly higher than the numbers for the incoming flows. As many as 75% of temporary migrants have remained abroad for 12 months and longer, which indicates their residential status in the destination countries and uncertain prospectsfor return. What kind of consequences will the current population outflows have on the economy, society, and local communities? The article focuses on outlining the dynamics of contemporary migration, shedding light on both regional aspects and socio-demographic characteristics of migrants. The comparative analysis pertains to the period between the two most recent Polish National Censuses of 2002 and 2011. The data constitute the basis for identifying specific types of media discourses that address the theme of family migration.
PL
Artykuł stanowi przegląd zagadnień badawczych w obszarze studiów nad migracjami kobiet ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem mobilności Polek. Charakteryzujemy stopniową zmianę paradygmatu, która doprowadziła do zaobserwowania odmienności migracji kobiet i mężczyzn oraz uznania w związku z tym, że płeć jest niezwykle ważną zmienną niezbędną przy ich analizowaniu i wyjaśnianiu. Naszym celem jest również przedstawienie mobilności Polek w perspektywie historycznej, jak i zarysowanie współczesnych trendów w polskich studiach migracyjnych. Poszukujemy siły i sprawczości migrantek, ich determinacji w zmianie życia nie tylko dla siebie, ale i rodzin, uwzględniając złożony ekonomiczno-społeczny kontekst globalny i krajowy. Inspiracją do przygotowania tekstu w takiej perspektywie, jak i całego tomu była 100. rocznica uzyskania przez Polki praw wyborczych.
EN
The article is a review of research areas in the field of women’s migration studies with particular emphasis on the mobility of Polish women. We characterize the gradual paradigm shift, which has led to the observation of differences in the migration of women and men, and recognition that gender is a key variable necessary for analyzing and explaining them. Our goal is also to present the mobility of Polish women in a historical perspective, as well as to outline contemporary trends in Polish migration studies. We are looking for the strength and agency of migrant women, their determination to change lives not only for themselves but also for their families, and take into account the global and national socio-economic context. The inspiration for both the article and the entire volume was the 100th anniversary of granting electoral rights to Polish women.
EN
Both migration and parenthood, and – in particular – motherhood, belong to the central events in a human life, being both mutually entangled, and affecting the wider society. Transnational families become involved in a vivid discourse dedicated to a model of a perfect family, perfect woman, and perfect motherhood. Thus, an everyday life of transnational mothers assumes negotiations between geography, economy, social and family roles. New works on the topic forefront appreciation of both productive and reproductive female roles, which find a spectacular reflection in migrant family scholarship. Migration symptomatically reveals the diversity and the complexity of the women’s social roles and the strategies of their fulfillment. In our paper we focus on the functioning of Ukrainian transnational families. By supplying narrations of the migrant women, we analyze their life trajectories, the manner in which a migration decision is taken, the stories of parenthood, performance of caretaking, maintenance of family ties (based on indirect rather than direct relations) and social ties.
EN
The issue of the educational system remains one of the crucial areas for the discussions pertaining to migrants’ integration and contemporary multicultural societies. Ever since the inception of compulsory schooling, children and youth have partaken in largely state-governed socialisation in schools, which provide not only knowledge and qualifications, but are also responsible for transferring the culture and values of a given society. Under this premise, the schooling system largely determines opportunities available to migrant children. This paper seeks to address the questions about the pathways to youth Polish migrant integration, belonging and achievement (or a lack thereof) visible in the context of the Norwegian school system. The paper draws on 30 interviews conducted in 2014 with Polish parents raising children abroad, and concentrates on the features of Norwegian school as seen through the eyes of Polish parents. Our findings show that the educational contexts of both sending and receiving societies are of paramount importance for the understanding of family and parenting practices related to children’s schooling. In addition, we showcase the significance of Norwegian schools for children’s integration, illuminate the tensions in parental narratives and put the debates in the context of a more detailed analysis of the relations between school and home environments of migrant children. The paper relies on parental narratives in an attempt to trace and reflect the broader meanings of children’s education among Poles living abroad.
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