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James Crawford, Martti Koskenniemi (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 480

100%
Wierczyńska K.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2012
|
vol. 32
2

Spór przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości o zastosowanie konwencji w sprawie likwidacji wszelkich form dyskryminacji rasowej pomiędzy Gruzją a Federacją Rosyjską – kwestie prawnomiędzynarodowe

100%
Wierczyńska K.
Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne
|
2011
|
vol. 2
125-141
EN
Sovereign equality of states and their territorial integrity undoubtedly constitute the foundation of the contemporary international relations. We can infer from those rules the prohibition of intervention in the internal affairs of a state. For decades since the end of World War II the prohibition of the use of armed forces had only two exceptions, which was self-defense (in accordance with article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations) and the action with the consent of international organizations (in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter). The need for protection of human rights has led to the discussions concerning the legitimacy of the use of armed forces to prezent human rights violations. In the light of these observations, the author examines the policy of the Russian Federation against Georgia and its autonomous territories, in particular the dispute before the International Court of Justice.
3

Zbrodnie przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Karnym – analiza krytyczna

63%
Wierczyńska K., Jakubowski A.
Studia Prawnicze
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2016
|
issue 1 (205)
39-63
EN
On 24 March 2016 the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a decision confirming the charges of committing war crimes by Al Ahmad Al Mahdi (Abu Tourab). He is suspected of war crimes allegedly committed in 2012, in Timbuktu (Mali), through intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion and/or historical monuments (Article8(2)(e)(iv) of the Rome Statute). In fact, this is the first case to be brought before the ICC concerning the destruction of cultural property. By referring to the circumstances of the case, this article analyses the complimentary function of international criminal tribunals in the prosecuting and convicting of individuals liable for grave cultural heritage crimes vis-à-vis the shortcomings of national criminal jurisdiction. First, it reconstructs the normative foundations of prohibiting and prosecuting cultural heritage crimes. Second, it endeavours to critically assess the practice of international criminal tribunals ad hoc in dealing with the destruction of cultural property. In particular, by referring to certain cases adjudged by the ICTY, it aims to demonstrate to what extent the international protective status of a cultural heritage site may constitute a critical factor in imposing criminal responsibility on individual perpetrators (the cases of Blaškić, Čerkez and Strugar). It also analyses whether intentional attacks against cultural heritage sites, whose protection lies in the general interest of all humanity, may have an impact on the gravity of the crime and the penalty imposed for its commission. Third, the paper deals with the limited provisions of the Rome Statute and offers some general conclusions in respect to the evolving system of individual criminal responsibility for cultural heritage crimes.
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