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EN
Although alembics, erstwhile distilling-apparatus, are deeply rooted in Polish traditional culture, they have not been yet analysed separately. Ceramic and glass alembics, rarely being discovered during excavations within Poland, are also seldom published. Therefore using Western European studies seems to be necessary to amend that state of being. The case study on distilling-apparatus from France and Great Britain, which was used in the article, has been compiled by S. Moorhouse and N. Thomas. They presented morphologic traits of the devices: vaporizer – distilling-base or cucurbit used for heating the raw material, and alembic – a still-head with collecting-channel and spout. The authors also described industrial, kitchen and alchemical use of the devices. Based on the morphological traits, 3 types of ceramic and glass alembics were established, and presented in the article. Article uses findings already published, focuses on preliminary issues and is an attempt on introducing the reader to the matter of former distilling-apparatus. Amongst sources published in Poland one should distinguish graphics from Marcin Siennik’s Herbarz, to iest ziół tutecznych y zamorskich opisanie, Polish 16th century herbarium, fragments of pottery distilling-base from the knight’s stronghold from Mymoń, Podkarpackie Voivodeship and alembic from castle in Puck, Pomeranian Voivodeship. The latter, although ceramic, represents advanced type of distilling-apparatus with an external cooling system – removable pipe, placed in the barrel with water. Amongst instalations associated with alembics, one should mention special furnaces (athanors), ember dispensers and receivers for distillate. Another fact worth mentioning is that distilling-apparatus could be luted with a special alchemical clay, recipe of which is known from Renaissance herbarium by Marcin Siennik. Alchemical utensils were frequently placed in a separate room, especially in pharmacies and distilleries. Distilling-apparatus, artefacts heretofore neglected in Poland, could help in development of studies in the history of chemistry and complement an image of cultural space in pre-industrial Central Europe.
PL
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PL
On November 7, 2018, the President of the Capital City of W. banned the cyclical assembly organized by the Association. Among the reasons supporting this decision, a threat to life or health of people or property in significant sizes was indicated. It was decided that the police did not have enough officers to secure the march, and the media reported on the potential participation of extremely nationalistic and fascist groups. The Association appealed to the court. The court stated that, although the President of the Capital City of W. was the competent body to make such a decision, he did not substantiate the fact that the organization of the march threatened the life or health of people or property in large proportions. The court pointed to far-reaching arbitrariness of decision and noted that the assembly organized by the President of the Republic of Poland does not have priority over the Association's meeting. The author of the commentary expresses his approval for the court's decision, in particular, pointing to the need to limit the right to freedom of assembly only in extreme situations and in accordance with the Polish law. He points to the fact that even the most extremist groups have the right to manifest as long as they do not violate criminal law provisions. The author also agrees with the court’s opinion that state assemblies do not take precedence over private ones because the legislator did not introduce such provisions.
Homo Ludens
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2021
|
vol. 1
|
issue 14
207-239
EN
The purpose of the article is to consider the relationship between computer games and cultural heritage, which is a testimony to specific historical epochs. Inspiration of the old architecture, sculpture and painting, in the form of quotes or allusions, occurs in many games, which allows us to talk about a separate phenomenon that requires research. A look at the games from the perspective of an art historian allows us to see many new aspects of creating virtual worlds by game developers. Examples include fantasy games that broadly refer to cultural heritage. The text discusses examples of several productions that reproduce the art of a specific period, focusing on the repertoire of selected themes. The analyses are preceded by a presentation of the state of research regarding the issue of interpretation of history in computer games. The criticism of historical simplification in games by one of the researchers is the basis for further reflection on the positive aspects of interpreting the past in fantasy games.
PL
Celem artykułu jest rozważenie związku gier komputerowych z dziedzictwem kulturowym, które jest świadectwem określonych epok historycznych. Inspiracja dawną architekturą, rzeźbą i malarstwem, o charakterze cytatów czy aluzji, pojawia się w wielu realizacjach, co pozwala mówić o odrębnym zjawisku, które wymaga badań. Spojrzenie na gry z perspektywy historyka sztuki pozwala dostrzec wiele nowych aspektów tworzenia wirtualnych światów przez deweloperów gier. Przykładami są gry fantasy, które szeroko odwołują się do dziedzictwa kulturowego. Tekst przedstawia przykłady kilku produkcji odtwarzających sztukę z danego okresu, skupiając się na repertuarze wybranych tematów. Analizy poprzedza przegląd stanu badań nad zagadnieniem interpretacji historii w grach komputerowych. Natomiast krytyka uproszczeń historycznych w grach sformułowana przez jednego z badaczy stanowi podstawę do dalszej refleksji nad pozytywnymi aspektami interpretacji przeszłości w grach fantasy.
PL
Pojęcie „przestępstw bez ofiar” (victimless crimes) to jeden z czołowych terminów amerykańskiej kryminologii, stosowany również przez środowiska libertariańskie. Zakłada ono, że czyny, które nie powodują krzywdy drugiej osoby (lub dokonywane są za jej zgodą), powinny być legalne. Teoria ta znalazła również oddźwięk w amerykańskim konstytucjonalizmie, natomiast w polskiej nauce prawa konstytucyjnego pojęcie to jest w zasadzie nieznane. Również orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego ma charakter bardziej konserwatywny i paternalistyczny niż libertariański. Trybunał nie uznał za niekonstytucyjne przepisów nakazujących jazdę samochodem z zapiętymi pasami bezpieczeństwa. Posiadanie marihuany na własny użytek również, zdaniem Trybunału, może być zakazane przez polskie prawo, a uzasadnienie posługiwało się typowo konserwatywnymi argumentami. Polska Konstytucja chroni także moralność publiczną, co stoi w dalekiej sprzeczności z libertarianizmem. Autor koncepcji, Edwin Schur, uznawał również aborcję za victimless crime. Trybunał Konstytucyjny stoi na skrajnie innym stanowisku, uznając potrzebę ochrony życia nienarodzonego. Aksjologia polskiej Konstytucji bliższa jest tym samym duchowi chrześcijańskiej demokracji niż liberalizmu.
EN
The term “victimless crimes” is one of the leading concepts of American criminology, also used by libertarian circles. It assumes that acts that do not cause harm to the other person (or are made with his consent) should be legal. This theory has also found a resonance in American constitutionalism, whereas in Polish science of constitutional law this concept is virtually unknown. The case law of the Constitutional Tribunal is also more conservative and paternalistic than libertarian. The Tribunal did not consider unconstitutional provisions to drive a car with fastened seatbelts. Possession of marijuana for own use also, in the Court’s opinion, may also be prohibited by Polish law and the justification used typical conservative arguments. The Polish Constitution also protects public morality, which is in direct contradiction to libertarianism. The author of the concept, Edwin Schur, also considered abortion as “victimless crime”. The Constitutional Tribunal has an extremely different position, recognizing the need to protect unborn life. The axiology of the Polish Constitution is closer to the same spirit of Christian democracy than to extreme liberalism.
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EN
The article aims to take a closer look at the problems of broadly understood political correctness in the space of the digital games. The authors on several examples try to show the causes of this phenomenon – both those in the creation of the game world and the publishing process. The text primarily tries to look at political correctness from a wider perspective - trying to show the reasons for its existence, not necessarily related to the lobbying of minority groups.
EN
The aim of this study is to highlight the character of spatial changes that took place over centuries on estates located in front of the church (plot no 406) before the present form of spatial development on this site. This is relevant to archaeological work carried out in 2021 before the start of the construction of the Historical and Cultural Centre “Spycimierskie Boże Ciało” (Spycimierz Corpus Christi). The conclusions were formulated after identifying , selecting and analysing relevant source materials. A synthesis of collected information resulted in a proposal of periodization of topographic changes in the analysed area, identifying five chronological phases.
PL
Celem prezentowanego opracowania jest próba nakreślenia charakteru przemian przestrzennych, zachodzących na przestrzeni wieków w obrębie posesji zlokalizowanych na wprost kościoła (dz. nr ewid. 406), poprzedzających ostateczne uformowanie współczesnego zagospodarowania tego obszaru. Poniższe ustalenia mają charakter wprowadzający do mających miejsce w 2021 r. ratowniczych badań archeologicznych, które odbywały się przed rozpoczęciem budowy Centrum Historyczno-Kulturalnego „Spycimierskie Boże Ciało”, obejmującej północną część posesji oznaczonej na poniższej mapie jako „obszar inwestycji”. Przedstawienie wniosków, które mogłyby znaleźć zastosowanie w prowadzonych na określonym obszarze pracach archeologicznych wymagało jak najpełniejszego rozpoznania zasobu materiałów źródłowych, ale również dokonania ich znaczącej selekcji. W ramach podsumowania przeprowadzono syntezę zgromadzonych informacji oraz zaproponowano periodyzację przemian topograficznych analizowanego obszaru, wydzielając pięć faz chronologicznych
EN
Background. Kano Jigoro, one of the founders of judo, developed an official classification of judo techniques which is currently being modernized by the Japanese Kodokan Judo Institute. There is no indication that earlier individual attempts in this area have been carried out in Japan. Judo masters including Kano, Koizumi, Kudo, Mifune, Tomiki and others have tried to introduce additional criteria to the classification. The need for so many modifications is a result of the many sport and referee rule changes, as well as to ensure the safety of competitors and to increase the attractiveness of judo contests. Purpose of the work. The purpose of this work was to determine the ways of performing the judo throws and their efficiency during All-Japan Judo Championships at open weight category. Material/methods. 278 open category judo players were recorded during the All-Japan Judo Championships (2003- 2012). The competitors successfully executed 252 attacks using 34 judo throws classified by the Kodokan Judo. Effective attacks divided by: uchi - reaping legs from inside, soto - hooking/ reaping opponents’ legs from outside, otoshi – throws performed by dropping body, gaeshi – throws performed as counterattacks, tsurikomi – throws performed by pull-lifting with hands, harai – throws performed by sweeping with legs or hips and makikomi – throws performed by winding the opponent’s body, were distinguished. The sequence of dominant techniques was presented by the “K” index, and the directions and ways of performing the throws were determined by the efficiency attack index. Results. The most effective Japanese competitors performed three throws by UCHI: uchimata, ouchi gari, kouchi gari, and three throws by SOTO: osoto gari, kosoto gake, kosoto gari. The following throwing techniques, during the Championships, were dominant: uchimata, ouchi gari and osoto gari which ended the contests by ippon (before contest time had elapsed); they were most often executed successfully, and the competitors gained most referee’s points. The observed competitors demonstrated even effectiveness in executing throws, forward – breaking balance onto tip-toes, and backward – breaking balance onto heels. Comparatively effectively, they performed throws into the four analyzed directions. Conclusions. The Japanese competitors performed the most effective attacks by using leg throws which call for the reaping actions of legs either from inside or outside UCHI and SOTO. Fewer techniques, executed perfectly resulted in gaining more referee’s points. Using these techniques put the competitors in a better position to carry out attacks and changing their direction.
PL
Dominacja zawodników japońskich podczas zawodów międzynarodowych, zmusiła nas do analizy skuteczności ich technik judo, które oni stosowali podczas mistrzostw Japonii. Ocena skuteczności technik judo, dokonywana w oparciu o klasyfikację Kodokan Judo, pozwalała wyodrębnić pewne cechy charakterystyczne dla zawodników japońskich oraz określić wysoką skuteczność rzutów nożnych – ashi waza. Przeprowadzony w pracy podział rzutów dokonany w oparciu o sposoby wykonywania ataku, pozwala na stwierdzenie że spośród sześćdziesięciu siedmiu rzutów, z pięciu grup klasyfikacyjnych, (wymienionych przez Kodokan Judo) tylko pięć technik nożnych: uchimata, ouchi gari, osoto gari, kouchi gari i kouchi gake zadecydowało o zdobyciu czterdziestu ośmiu procent wszystkich punktów sędziowskich przyznawanych za skutecznie wykonywane ataki. Podczas wykonywania tych technik zawodnicy stosowali podcięcia, podbicia lub zahaczania nóg przeciwników od strony wewnętrznej lub na zewnątrz. Jednocześnie wykonywane rzuty dawały możliwość przeprowadzania ataków we wszystkich analizowanych kierunkach.
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