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1

Słowo wstępne

100%

Grabarczyk T.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

|

2018

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issue 102

5-11

2

Funkcje obozu armii jagiellońskiej w XV wieku

100%

Grabarczyk T.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

|

2018

|

issue 101

53-68

EN

One of the basic functions of the war camp was to enable the army to rest during the campaign. For this purpose, a suitable place for a stop was necessary. It must have been above the water, in a place full of firewood and horse feed. It happened that the camp was set up in a place where there was a shortage of water, or it was contaminated, then it was immediately transferred to another place. Another important function of the war camp was to ensure the security of the army in it. Because of it, the camp was sought to be located in naturally defensive places: bends, lakes, hills, etc. During the expedition, even when stopping for a short layover, the camp was surrounded by carts that formed a kind of wall. When there was a threat of attack on the camp, it was additionally surrounded by a ditch or palisade. When the army was staying longer in one place, for example, during a siege, camp’s defences were significantly strengthened by raising ramparts and building wooden towers. For example, a camp of Polish forces near Košice (now in Slovakia) in 1491 in which 12 such towers were built. The article contains information about the battles for camps. The descriptions in the sources usually refer to the attack, which is the last phase of the battle, for example after the battles at Grunwald 1410, Grotniki 1439, Varna 1444, Chojnice (Konitz) 1454, Świecino (Schwetzin) 1462. After breaking the army in the field, the victorious army attacks the camp of the defeated opponent. In such situations, the fortified camp did not happen to be defended. The camps, which were located in hard-to-reach places, and were reinforced with ramparts and towers, were difficult to obtain. To take control of them, a regular siege had to be carried out. In 1473, the army of Hungarian King Mathias Corvinus stormed the Polish camps on Upper Hungary. Eventually he managed to get one after his fortifications were destroyed by artillery fire. The second Polish camp, however, was obtained by bribing the Polish officer commanding his defense. Only once sources mention the use of carts to cover the army in motion. It was on Silesia near Wrocław (Breslau) in 1474 during the Polish and Czech war with Hungary. We have no many evidence of using special combat vehicles, of the kind used by the Hussite army, in Poland in the 15th century. In the sources, there are only sporadically: currus fossati, meaning war wagons. Polish chronicler Jan Długosz recalls that in one of the battles in Prussia in 1457 Polish mercenaries used the car delivered to them by peasants from nearby villages. Hidden behind them, they repulsed the attack of the Teutonic forces and were victorious. Many specialists from the Bohemia were sometimes involved in managing the camp and setting up camps in the Polish army. Nevertheless, the use of Czech tactics of using wagons was not quite possible, probably due to the different composition of the Polish army, the main part of which was the knight’s cavalry.

PL

W artykule omówiono podstawowe funkcje obozu wojskowego armii jagiellońskiej w XV w. Zasadniczą rolą obozu było zapewnienie uczestnikom wyprawy możliwości odpoczynku. W związku z tym przywiązywano wagę do doboru miejsca postoju, które powinno obfitować w wodę, drewno na opał i paszę dla koni. Obóz powinien zapewnić wojsku bezpieczeństwo, w związku z czym stosowano różne sposoby obwarowania taboru. W artykule przytoczono przykłady walk o obozy, zarówno te należące do wojsk polskich, jak i te przez nie atakowane. Autor porusza również kwestie wykorzystania wozów nie tylko podczas postoju wojska, lecz także do osłony oddziałów będących w ruchu. Poruszony został również problem inkorporacji czeskich doświadczeń wykorzystania taboru w działaniach wojennych przez armię Królestwa Polskiego.

3

Broń strzelcza piechoty zaciężnej w latach 1471-1500

100%

Grabarczyk T.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

|

2000

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issue 67

147-161

EN

Registers of the mercenary infantry give many information about types of weapon and its quality. In Warsaw archive we have rolls from 1471, 1477 and 1496-1500 with information about 7000 mercenaries. In rolls we meet different descriptions of quality of crossbows like: good, bed, new, old, used, repaired. We can clasify about 47% of crossbows as bed, basing on the sources from 1471 and 1477, which contain all these terms. In 1496 we have 14%, and in 1498 - 22% bad or old crossbows. Registers give also information about different types of crossbows used by soldiers. They had crossbows with two kinds of bow - horn or steel. Only two from 597 mercenaries had this last type in 1496, similary in 1498, 9 from 725 crossbowmen possesed steel bows. Soldiers used three types of bend mechanism. The oldest one hed the bow-string stretched by hook fastened to soldier’s belt. This type is named kryg in Polish sources. Second kind of belt mechanism is goat’s foot called hewar in medieval Poland (from word „lewar” - lever). Drawing mechanism, which we know as cranequin or windelass appeared in sources as klyky (from Czech word klika - crank) and this is the third kind of mechanism. All these three different kinds of drawing mechanism could be used by soldiers of the one troop at the same time. Second typ of shooting weapon was bow. This kind of arms was unpopular among mercenaries in end of XV c. Only two soldiers used bows. First bow we meet in 1498 (it is 1 from 725 shooters). Second men with bow appeared in 1500 (rolls from this year mention 1 bowmen among 72 crossbowmen).

4

Ręczna broń palna w świetle rejestrów popisowych piechoty zaciężnej z lat 1471-1500

100%

Grabarczyk T.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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1999

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issue 64

27-48

EN

First mentions concerning handfirearms in Poland are dated from 1410. The oldest type of such weapon, found in Lwow, is dated from the first half of the XVth century. Mercenary infantry played an important part in popularization of handfirearms. Armament of mercenary infantry is known thanks to registers of the troops (from 1471, 1477, 1496, 1498, 1497, 1500) which are preserved. Comparing to other armies, schooters played an important part in Polish infantry. On the average 75% of all infantrymen were schooters. In 1471 and in 1477 infantry schooters were armed with swords and first of all with crossbows. Only 16 among 2000 schooters had firearms that time. The registers from 1496-1500 show growing popularity of handfirearms among mercenary infantry troops. In 1496 27,1% of schooters were armed with firearms, in 1497 - 54%, in 1498 - 60%, in 1500 - almost 63%. Thanks to the registers a process of rapid weapon exchange can be observed. Descriptions of battles from the early XVIл century show us that using of firearms had a serous influence on struggle’s final result. It happened so for example during battles of Kiecko (1506), Orsza (1514) and Obertyn (1531), where infantry was armed like the troops mentioned in the registers. Basing on the registers, we can say that professional mercenary soldiers prefered handfirearms to crossbows, considering them to be more efficient.

5

Występowanie i zastosowanie zbroi płytowej białej w drugiej połowie XV w.

100%

Grabarczyk T.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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1994

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issue 50

77-92

EN

The clad of plate was the culminant achievment in sphere of protective armaments in the Middle Ages. It was invented in Italy at the beginning of the 15th century. It quickly appeared in Poland. We think so because we can see it hewn out on the tombstone of Wierzbięta from Branice. This tombstone bears a date on 1425. This kind of armament occured comparatively often on the Polish territory in the latter part of the 15th century. Both iconographie and written sources testify to that. The registers of mercenary army units, drown up from 1471 to 1500, are one of the most valuable written sources. In this article the author analysed 7 registers of that kind. We can notice connexions bettween offensive and protective armaments on the ground of that. In period 1471-1474 there were organized some mercenary squads for armed fighting with the king of Hungary - Maciej the Korwin. Hungarians adhered to West-European style of fighting and that’s why these Polish mercenary squads consisted, in the greater part, of spearmen equiped with the clads of plate. They composed about 21-25% of mercenaries. The panoplies were the majority of the spearmen equipment.

6

„Suchą stopą” czy „skacząc w fale”. Przekraczanie rzek przez wojska polskie od XI do początku XVI wieku

100%

Grabarczyk T.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2017

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issue 99

83-109

EN

The primary way of crossing the river was to do it through a ford. A number of information about such crossings comes from the years of the Polish-German wars (1003–1018). The both armies that had been fighting at that time several times crossed the Oder and the Elbe, whose width reached 100 m. The widest river crossed by the Polish troops was Dniester, which was 150 m wide. Only a few notices mention crossings of frozen rivers. Polish knights took part in campaigns against Ottoman Empire in 1396 and 1444, when they were transported on ships across the Danube. Floating bridges that had been placed on the lower reaches of the Vistula became a permanent element wars between Kingdom of Poland and Teutonic Order in 15th century. First mentions of a floating bridge were made in 1410. Then, during the war against the Teutonic Order, three were built: over the Vistula under Czerwińsk and under Przypust and over Narew river under Pułtusk. Since then floating bridges have been regularly used during the war against the Order. They were built over the Vistula: in 1414 under Zakroczym, in1419 and 1422 again under Czerwińsk, in 1454 under Toruń and in 1455 under Grudziądz. During Polish campaign to Moldavia in 1497 the king John I Albert ordered to put the bridge over the Dniester near Halych. However, finally he changed his plans and did not use the bridge. Two bridges floating on the barrels were built during the night on the 7th to 8th of September 1514. They were used by Lithuanian and Polish army, which crushed the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the battle at Orsha (now in Belarus). The army was forced to use bridges to cross big rivers because of the large number of carts and artillery accompanying the army. In the 15th and at the beginning of the 16th century the army of the Kingdom of Poland with no major problems crossed the Vistula, which width could exceed even 500 m, with the use of floating bridges.

PL

Najczęstszym sposobem przekraczania rzeki było przechodzenie jej w bród. Wiele informacji o takich przeprawach pochodzi z lat wojny polsko-niemieckiej (1003–1018). Obie walczące wówczas armie kilkukrotnie przekraczały Odrę i Łabę, których szerokość sięgała 100 m. Największą rzeką pokonaną przez polskie wojska w bród był Dniestr, który miał szerokość 150 m. Nieliczne wzmianki dotyczą przepraw przez rzeki zamarznięte. Mosty pływające, które zostały umieszczone na dolnych odcinkach Wisły, stały się trwałym elementem wojen polsko-krzyżackich w XV w. Pierwsze wzmianki o takich mostach w Polsce pochodzą z 1410 r. Wtedy podczas wojny przeciwko zakonowi krzyżackiemu wybudowano je trzy: na Wiśle pod Czerwińskiem i pod Przypustem oraz na Narwi pod Pułtuskiem. Od tego czasu pływające mosty były regularnie używane podczas wojny przeciwko Zakonowi. Zbudowano je na Wiśle: w 1414 r. pod Zakroczymiem, w 1419 i 1422 r. ponownie pod Czerwińskem, w 1454 r. pod Toruniem i w 1455 r. pod Grudziądzem. Podczas polskiej kampanii do Mołdawii w 1497 r. król Jan Olbracht nakazał postawić most nad Dniestrem koło Halicza. Jednak ostatecznie zmienił swoje plany i z niego nie skorzystał. Dwa mosty pływające, oparte na beczkach, zbudowano w nocy w dniach 7–8 września 1514 r. Były one użyte przez wojska litewskie i polskie, które w bitwie pod Orszą rozbiły armię Wielkiego Księstwa Moskiewskiego. Głównym powodem, dla którego armie zostały zmuszone do przekraczania mostów na szerokich rzekach, była duża liczba wozów i artylerii zabieranych na wyprawę. W XV i na początku XVI w., wykorzystując pływające mosty, armia Królestwa Polskiego bez większych problemów była w stanie przeprawić się przez Wisłę, nawet jeśli szerokość przekraczała 500 m.

7

Armia króla Władysława Jagiełły w drodze pod Grunwald

100%

Grabarczyk T.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

7-25

PL

For years, the route followed by the Polish-Lithuanian army on its way to Grunwald in 1410 has been arousing controversy as the sources do not allow for its clear-cut determination.From the moment when Jagiello’s army crossed the Vistula river at Czerwińsk (3rd July) until it reached the fields of Grunwald only some of its halting-places are known. The passagefrom Dąbrówno to the battlefield covered on the 15th of July is given special attention in the historians’ discussion. S. Ekdahl claims that the Polish-Lithuanian army pitched a camp tothe north of Dąbrówno and stormed the town from that direction. Other historians incline towards the opinion that the army’s camp was situated to the south of Dabrówno, near the village Kalbornia. As a consequence they assume that the town was also attacked from the south. A few routes of the march from Dąbrówno to the site where the battle was supposed to take place were suggested in the present literature. According to S. Ekdahl, Jagiello’s army moved from the camp situated to the north of Dąbrówno to the east through Samin to stop near Grunwald. In the newest monograph of the 1409-1411 war it was stated that Jagiello’s army got to Grunwald by a route running through previously captured Dąbrówno and later on through Samin to Grunwald Jagiello’s army, after breaking up its camp at Kolbornia, moved east to turn north after a few kilometres and continue its march through Osiekowo, Łodgowo. A. Nadolski did not agree with those assumptions as he believed that from the camp in Dąbrówno the army headed for Turowo and then marched north towards Mielno circumventing the Ulnowo Lake from the east. The author of the article propounds a hypothesis that Jagiello’s army could act both to the north and south of Dąbrówno where the main camp of the Polish-Lithuanian forces was situated. He also considers that the conception of S. Kuczyński criticised by A. Nadolski and S. Ekdahl concerning the final phase of the march should still be taken into consideration as very probable. The author believes that there was no serious discussion on the Grunwald campaign during the last twenty years in Poland. Both the last monograph of the 1409–1411war and this article show that a new view on that topic is still possible.

8

Słowo wstępne

63%

Grabarczyk T., Pogońska-Pol M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2019

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issue 104

5-7

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Słowo wstępne

Funkcje obozu armii jagiellońskiej w XV wieku

Broń strzelcza piechoty zaciężnej w latach 1471-1500

Ręczna broń palna w świetle rejestrów popisowych piechoty zaciężnej z lat 1471-1500

Występowanie i zastosowanie zbroi płytowej białej w drugiej połowie XV w.

„Suchą stopą” czy „skacząc w fale”. Przekraczanie rzek przez wojska polskie od XI do początku XVI wieku

Armia króla Władysława Jagiełły w drodze pod Grunwald

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