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EN
This article takes up the problem of unemployment. Begining from the Great Depression of 1930s, Bezrobotnych Marienthalu (eng. Unemployed of Marienthal) Pamiętników Bezrobotnych (eng. Diaries of the Unemployed) Rafał Jakubowicz moves to the situation in Poland after 1989, when in the aftermath of both privatization and restructuring – including total winding-up of the extractive industry sector – people in masses lost their jobs and – left alone – were forced to move to the grey market, becoming “hunters, pickers, powerlessness practicioners” (after Tomasz Rakowski) sentenced for a hell of bootleg mining or/and junk contracts, provided by outsourcing companies in Special Economic Zones, where faced with unimaginable exploitation they were positioned as the “working poor”. The author looks at disciplinary mechanisms which unemployed are subjected to by officials of Employment Offices and Social Welfare Centers, which impose on them undertaking humiliating “voluntary works” and impelling to submissivness and availability. Neliberal state consequently depicts unemployment as an individual problem, coming from lack of initiative and personal characteristic profiles, rather than as system one, resulting from the qurter- century long governmental irresponsibility and gross neglect in the field of social policy. In order to obtain poor social benefits, each step they take, unemployed face common and widespread class rasism (after Monika Bobako) and are subjected to the bureaucratic pressure of satisfying absurdal criterias. People of low economic status are being criminalised and victimised by the prevailing system. Rafał Jakubowicz mentions in this article also his own project, titled Bezrobotny (eng. Unemployed) that was developed for the Kronika Center for Contemporary Arts in Bytom, Poland in 2011, and which referred Władysław Strzemiński litography work from the 30s titled Bezrobotni II (eng. Unemployed II). He there selfscans (after Stanisław Czekalski and Tomasz Załuski) idea of functionalism (which in its own is founded on taylorism), that stood behind works of unst who had rejected the concept of proletarian art.
EN
An Israeli artist of the Second Generation or the postgeneration, Haim Maor uses in his art various means of expression, such as painting, installation, photography, or performance, and creates biographical art. In numerous works, he uses words or texts in Hebrew, Yiddish, English, German, Polish, and Arabic. In this article, the author focuses mainly on these works of art in which Haim Maor – in a way close to conceptualism, postconceptualism, and concrete poetry – uses words, especially those in Hebrew and Yiddish. The author refers to the presence of tension in this art between the official language of the young and proud country of Israel (Hebrew) and the language of diaspora, despised by Israeli elites (Yiddish). Works by Maor evoke the Shoah mainly by means of references to familial stories. In the article, the author tackles the motif of memory found in this art, putting it in the context of post-Holocaust art and the notion of postmemory (Marianne Hirsch), and showing the way in which the attitude towards the tragedy of the Shoah transformed in Israel. Maor’s art criticises the myths functioning in Israeli society, such as the myth of “beautiful” death. Using not only the research of Israeli Zionist historians (Anita Shapira) and so-called new historians (Shlomo Sand, Tom Segev, Ilan Pappé, Idith Zertal) but also the texts of left-wing publicists and writers (David Grossman, Amos Oz, Ari Shavit), the author attempts to depict the way in which art works through the same problems which historians, writers, and journalists face.                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
PL
Haim Maor to izraelski artysta drugiego pokolenia czy też postpokolenia, posługujący się w swej twórczości różnymi środkami wyrazu, jak np. malarstwo, instalacja, fotografia, performance, i uprawiający sztukę biograficzną. W wielu pracach posługuje się słowem lub tekstem w językach: hebrajskim, jidysz, angielskim, niemieckim, polskim oraz arabskim. W niniejszym artykule autor koncentruje uwagę głównie na tych pracach, w których Haim Maor – w sposób bliski konceptualizmowi, postkonceptualizmowi oraz poezji konkretnej – posługuje się słowem (głównie w językach hebrajskim oraz jidysz). Odnosi się do obecnego w sztuce tego artysty napięcia pomiędzy oficjalnym językiem młodego i dumnego państwa Izrael – hebrajskim, a pogardzanym przez izraelskie elity językiem diaspory – jidysz. Prace Maora przywołują Zagładę głównie poprzez odniesienia do rodzinnych historii. W artykule autor podejmuje wątek pamięci obecny w sztuce tego artysty, sytuując jego twórczość w kontekście „sztuki po Zagładzie” oraz pojęcia postpamięci (Marianne Hirsch), pokazując, w jaki sposób zmieniał się stosunek do tragedii Szoa w Państwie Izrael. Sztuka Maora poddaje krytyce mitologie funkcjonujące w izraelskim społeczeństwie, np. mit „pięknej” śmierci. Sięgając zarówno do badań izraelskich historyków syjonistycznych (Anita Shapira) oraz tzw. nowych historyków (Shlomo Sand, Tom Segev, Ilan Pappé oraz Idith Zertal), a także do tekstów lewicowych publicystów i pisarzy (Dawid Grosman, Amos Oz, Ari Shavit), autor próbuje unaocznić czytelnikowi, w jaki sposób przepracowywano na gruncie sztuk wizualnych te same problemy, z którymi mierzą się historycy, literaci oraz dziennikarze.
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