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  1. 155 Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

  2. 62 Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)

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  1. 8 Gockowski J.

  2. 5 Czarnocka M.

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1
Content available remote

THE SEVEN DUTIES OF PROFESSIONAL SCHOLAR (Siedem powinnosci zawodowych uczonego)

100%
Gockowski J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2009
|
vol. 45
|
issue 3-4-
281-193
EN
The paper deals with such professional duties of scholar: (1) Participation in dispute with respect to problem situation; (2) Expressing opinions in scholarly language; (3) Creation of theoretical knowledge; (4) Restricting itself to problems suitable for scholarly research; (5) Binding criticism with conceptualism; (6) Dealing with tradition of development and improvement of scientific myths; (7) Insight into continuity and discontinuity of problem situations.
2
Content available remote

Knowledge and Artifacts. Barry Allen's Concept of Knowledge

100%
Czarnocka M.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2005
|
issue 3-4
351-367
EN
Barry Allen postulates that the unit of knowledge is artifact and rejects traditional idea that knowledge consists of true, justified beliefs. Analysis of Allen's concept of knowledge, being a restrictive form of pragmatism, shows that the epistemological change proposed by him is radical to a great degree. Allen neglects all important epistemological distinctions and categories. The concept is rooted in a different culture, activist and one-sidedly pragmatic, far from this one ( which emerged from the ancient Greek ideas) that constitutes a basis for all traditional epistemological models of knowledge.
3
Content available remote

The 'History-Sociology': Problems, Methods, Lexicons

100%
Gockowski J., Wozniak A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 2(168)
191-204
EN
The article deals with statements that: (1) It is possible and appropriate to practice science that can be called 'history-sociology' justified by: a) constituting cognitive problems -common for both historians and sociologists; b) methods integrating cognitive acts of historians and sociologists; c) convergent scientific lexicons used by both historians and sociologists and becoming consolidated in the course of their work; (2) It is reasonable to read works of historians as sociological works and to read works of sociologists as historical works; (3) The fact that on the map of the social sciences exist (exclusively) various 'histories-sociologies' should be considered as one of the 'peculiarity of the social sciences'.
4
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Hellenistic Scientific Methods viewed from the Perspective of the Notion of Science by Lucio Russo

100%
Kubic A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2007
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vol. 43
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issue 2(172)
313-316
EN
This article presents reconstruction of Hellenist methodology formulated by Lucio Russo in his book 'Forgotten revolution'. Russo puts forward hypothesis that scientific method generally has its source in Hellenist period of antique Greece. The author argues that modern methodology often repeated discoveries of Hellenist Greek scholars. Good example of such a parallel are Hellenist phaenomena and their modern equivalents - protocol sentences in logical positivism. Methodological model of science formulated by Russo to explain history if science is based on three principles: theoreticality, deductiveness, and regularity. However, this definition seems a bit too narrow for Hellenist methodology and far too narrow for modern paradigms of sciences.
5
Content available remote

Wojciech Gasparski - betwen Praxiology and Ethics

100%
Klimczak B.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2006
|
vol. 42
|
issue 4(170)
511-517
EN
The aim of the paper is presentation of Wojciech Gasparski's contribution to business ethics. Wojciech Gasparski developed praxiological concept of human action. After discussing development of polish praxiology, in particular Tadeusz Kotarbinski's views, the contribution of Wojciech Gasparski - lightening of ethicality, taken together with effectiveness and efficiency of human action is presented.
6
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Praxiology on the Map of Disciplines

100%
Gasparski W.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2006
|
vol. 42
|
issue 3(169)
309-315
EN
The paper overviews the praxiology positions among sciences (studies), namely as a: science of functions (Bourdeau), the most general science on techniques of human action (Espinas), general practice, theory of deeds, general methodology, theory of efficient action (Kotarbinski), foundation of economics (Mises), philosophy of action (Bunge), one of the ergological sciences (Zieleniewski). Next, aspects and methods of praxiological research are characterized. Finally, a conclusion is offered that praxiology is situated between logic and ethics, for it gives epistemological foundations to the concept of reflective practitioner (Schön) pointing out the axiological context of human action.
7
Content available remote

SALOMEA KOWALEWSKA'S SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE

100%
Gasparski W.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2004
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vol. 40
|
issue 4(162)
535-540
EN
The quintessence of Salomea Kowalewska's sociology of science is presented in this paper. She formulated it in articles published in the 'Science Studies Problems' in the period of 1980-2000. The forever topical questions of the sociology express her postulate to do research on: population of scientists as a community sharing the same values and norms, organisational initiatives related to transformation the community into learned organisation, and methods of building co-operation with foreign partners
8
Content available remote

Cultural Roots of Science

100%
Motycka A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2007
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vol. 43
|
issue 2(172)
339-344
EN
Cultural roots of modern science goes back not only to the Hellenistic scientific method but also to the deep mythical layer of the ancient archetypical ideas.
9
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Does Scientific and Technological Development lead to a Fundamental Change of the Mechanisms of Power Exercising?

100%
Wozniak T.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2007
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vol. 43
|
issue 1(171)
29-46
EN
The author analyses the arguments presented by Alvin Toffler for his thesis that scientific and technological development leads to a fundamental change of the way power is exercised. He argues that these arguments are weak and most of them are simply false. For example, there is no evidence of 'de-materialization' of production (the use of materials by developed countries is slowly increasing) or 'de-massification' of society. The popularity of 'post-industrial' views presented by Toffler seems to be an interesting symptom of cognitive helplessness of society toward technological change. At the end of article the author points out main reasons why Toffler's views contribute to legitimisation of capitalism and hegemony of the United States.
10
Content available remote

A Special Character of Economics as a Discipline

100%
Jasinski L. J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2005
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issue 3-4
413-428
EN
The paper describes specific, rarely met in other sciences, features of economics in the second half of the 20th century. The analysis of general positions which had appeared in the philosophy of science makes us conclude that economics was hardly influenced by them. From the point of view of philosophical foundations, economics remained conservative and did not change much since the middle of the century. In fact, the evolution of economics was limited because new economic theories included many elements of old theories. The paper ends with the explanation of what made economics to develop in this specific way.
11
Content available remote

Some Remarks about the Normative Concept of Ethos of Science According to Robert K. Merton

100%
Woroniecka G.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2008
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vol. 44
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issue 1(175)
103-112
EN
The paper addresses following questions: Is the ethos, described by Merton, still valid for science that met serious changes in its economic, social, and cultural environment? Can ethos - narrowly understood as a set of values - be effective guide for behaviour that would be functional methodologically and institutionally for science? And, first of all, does the general notion of 'science', including all forms of intellectual, conceptual, and explanatory activities, conducted in existing scientific institutions, apply to something anymore? Positive answer for these questions demands some differentiations, especially exclusion of the so-called 'industrial science' from regulation by the concept of ethos.
12

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC: ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMATION ASPECTS (Nauchno-tekhnologuicheskaya sistema Chekhii: analiz transformatsionnykh aspektov)

100%
Kavunenko L. F., Goncharova T. V.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
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2010
|
issue 1
111-125
EN
The article presents results of the study devoted to evolution of science and technology system in Czech Republic (CR) during the transformation period (from the victory of the velvet revolution in 1989 till 2004, when CR joined the EU). Peculiarities of transformations in CR at various transformation stages are shown on the basis of official statistics, expert opinion and survey data, and by methodology elaborated in the international project 'Restructuring and Reintegration of Science & Technology Systems in Economies in Transition'. Science & technology and innovation position of CR against other post-socialist countries of Central Europe and South European countries is shown by use of indicators included in the European Innovation Scoreboard. The conclusion is that CR which immediately took a 'rigid' course toward the reconstruction of national science & technology system (NSTS) by the criteria of Western European model, had a good chance to achieve the goal on the eve of joining the EU, as CR could quite successfully transform some of the key parameters of NSTS, especially those related with the research segment (although technological losses were also notable). The weakest side of science & technology transformation in CR in 90s proved to be setting up the horizontal links within the national innovation system. However, official statistics of CR (2000-2004) shows a positive dynamics of R&D parameters in the private sector, which is an indicator of rehabilitating trends in the innovation segment of this country on the eve of its joining the EU.
13

NAS OF UKRAINE AND RAS; HOW THE TWO ACADEMIES SURVIVE (comparison of key statistical indicators of the evolution) (Kak vyzhyvayut dve akademii - NAN Ukrainy i RAN (sravnenie osnovnykh statisticheskikh pokazatelei evolyutsii))

100%
Popovich O. S., Chervinska T. M.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
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2009
|
issue 3
3-9
EN
Comparative analysis of key statistical indicators on science and technology performance in Ukraine and Russia in the post-Soviet period is made, with emphasis on the evolution of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Ukraine and the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). Similar and distinctive features in the evolution of the two national science & technology systems and the two national academies are shown by use of statistical data on R&D capacity of GDP, research personnel, R&D financing, publication activity, patenting and licensing activity. Conclusions are made with respect to specifics of the dynamics and restructuring of personnel and financing sources at national and Academy level in the two countries. It is emphasized that while the two Academies could really work in spite of poor financial support, fleeing and ageing personnel, and could product excellent results with far smaller expenditures than analogous research teams in the West, political debate about 'transplanting' basic science from academies to universities looks quite odd, as mere 'transplantion' from one department to another one cannot produce anything but losses of the accumulated resources and capacities. Ambitious declarations about the innovation-driven development could only be implemented given the radical revision of decision-making on research funding in Russia and Ukraine alike. Recent measures to support large projects on nanotechnologies, stimuli for researchers' repatriation etc., taken by the Russian government inspire some optimism, whereas Ukrainian science has not enjoyed an additional support.
14
Content available remote

The Sciences in the Radio

100%
Michalski K.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2005
|
issue 3-4
461-470
EN
In the first part of the paper, a short story of radio in Poland is outlined with stress put to its fundamental role in educational activities and popularisation of science. In the second part of the paper, the author presents his views as regards developments necessary for improving popularisation activities in the Polish media.
15
Content available remote

Wojciech Gasparski's 'small business ethics'

100%
Lewicka-Strzalecka A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2006
|
vol. 42
|
issue 4(170)
485-493
EN
The paper presents an outline of Wojciech Gasparski's activities in the field of business ethics. The programme of business ethics was created according to the pattern of Tadeusz Kotarbinski's 'small philosophy'. This program has been consequently carried out step by step by theoretical reflection, research projects, organisational undertakings and didactic activities.
16

SOCIOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH FRONT

100%
Onopriyenko V.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
|
2008
|
issue 2
42-49
EN
The notion 'research front' was introduced at the end of 50s - beginning of 60s as a metaphor, to show that research is done at the border line between the learnt and the unlearnt. Later, sociology of science came to be aware that this borderline zone had its specifics with respect to communications of researchers, evaluation and elaboration of scientific knowledge. Empirical studies show that the period of front research makes only two years. Because high intensity of research communication during this period cannot be allowed for by formal/institutionalized means, the most adequate form of communication becomes 'invisible college'. The relation between research and research front can be shown by using the notion of 'echelon' of scientific publications being at various time distance from the front: journal papers and published reports (2 years distance from the front), analytical reviews of scientific periodicals (3-4 years), individual and co-authored monographs (5-7 years), textbooks, manuals, popular-scientific publications (more than 10 years). The front research features methodological opposition between innovation and tradition; innovation and stereotype; creativity, individualism and search associated with self-organization, and the corporativism associated with research teams and disciplinary nature of science ('normal science' according to T.Kuhn). That is, science, as any other work, combines, in a specific way, productive (oriented on novelty) and reproductive (oriented on pre-set patterns) component.
17
Content available remote

Whether Alexandrian Scholar is a Scientists?

100%
Sady W.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2007
|
vol. 43
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issue 2(172)
293-302
EN
Russo claims that our picture of the so called Alexandrian science is wrong. In the 3rd and 2nd century B.C. in Alexandria scientific researches in contemporary meaning of the word were conducted, but almost all books written by hellenistic scientists were lost. The received picture is shaped by books written in the period of Roman Empire by creativeless commentators. In author's opinion Russo's claim is not suitably justified. He applies his own demarcation criterion: what decides of the scientific character of a cognitive enterprise is the systematicity of theoretical investigation and of experimental researches. The appraisal he is arriving at is that in the 3rd and 2nd century B.C. ideas of great (scientific) potential were created but they were not applied in the systematic way because social conditions were not propitious enough.
18

SCIENTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF SCIENTIFIC WORK BY G.M.DOBROV

100%
Rybachuk V., Videnina N.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
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2009
|
issue 1
24-43
EN
Results of a statistical study on the bibliography of scientific works by G.M.Dobrov (1929-1989) are contained. The total number of the analyzed descriptions of bibliographic documents is 507. The study deals with several aspects, for which scientometric results are produced: categorization of the above documents (articles in scientific journals and periodicals, publications in compendia and conference proceedings, monographic and co-authored books); chronological division of Dobrov's scientific biography by publication intensity and thematic evolution of his publications (three phases identified: 1952-1961, 1964-1974, 1975-1989; themes evolved from technology history to theoretical and applied aspects of science of science, and to science & technology policy, science & technology forecasting theory); intensity of Dobrov's publication activity at the above mentioned phases; distribution of Dobrov's research papers by high rating journals; publications written by Dobrov individually and in co-authorship and distribution of publications by number of co-authors; characteristics of Dobrov's scientific collaboration, studied by a co-author surname, number of works written with a co-author, years/period of collaboration with a co-author; position of Dobrov's name in the co-authors' lists (showing the author's 'status' of a scientist). The results indicate that scientific bibliography of Dobrov represents an integral information channel within the international scientific communication system, with specific morphological, statistical and dynamic characteristics, and the bibliography of Dobrov's works confirms main bibliometric tendencies in generation and diffusion of scientific knowledge.
19

PROBLEMS OF THE ACADEMY SCIENCE IN THE SCIENTISTS' EYES

100%
Malitsky B.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
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2008
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issue 4
83-97
EN
The article contains results of interviews with scientists and directors, conducted as part of the latest sociological study of the institutes of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Ukraine. Information given by experts from the NAS covered R&D sourcing, changes in research themes and research quality, innovation, international scientific cooperation (ISC) and integration with the European Research Area, the official S&T policy. The current condition of the Academy is judged more optimistically than it was in the middle of the economic crisis of 90s, that is, as stabilization, although at a very low level. With respect of funding and personnel, stabilization is seen in regular payment of salary and stoppage of mass-scale fleeing. Main problems referred to by experts include the status of doctors and candidates of sciences within the Academy, underfunding of research facilities and technical support, evaluation of basic research. As for the dynamics of research themes, notable change occurred in social fields. Changes in natural fields, if any, have been caused mainly by the expanding cooperation with foreign research centers, and the situation in technical fields has been aggravated by rigid reduction of the industrial demand. The worst situation is in the institutes of physical and technological profile, where R&D requires great investments in facilities. As for R&D funding, the old ('institutional') principle has been prevailing, which stirs up discontent. Inflow of contracts has grown, but insignificantly. Structure of R&D funding by category has changed in favor of salary (above 50%), utility services (above 20%), equipment purchase accounting for only 2 to 3%. As for R&D personnel, the most dangerous trend now is 'generation gap', with prevalence of older persons (of which many are pensioners), on the one hand, and post-graduates, on the other. While post-graduates' recruitment has been stable, the share of defended dissertations has sharply reduced. As regards ISC, it gave a chance to have international grants, both as a funding source and a stimulus for international publications in the West (in parallel with falling of publications in Russia), and a chance to use modern facilities on line of international projects, which has become the only chance to do advanced R&D in fields like physics. As for the innovation capacities, in spite of many losses that the Academy had in 90s, they are still significant or even increasing, but innovation-related barriers in Ukraine are as rigid as before.
20
Content available remote

On Methodological Peculiarities of Musicology

100%
Brozek A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 2(176)
161-177
EN
As every scientific discipline, musicology has some peculiarities. One of them is diversity of musicological domain. Among musicological objects one can find spatiotemporal (particular), as well as non-spatiotemporal ones. The second class divides into two subsets: quasi-particular objects (i.e. compositions-ideas) and universal objects (i.e. various theoretical objects as scales, keys and musical forms). Moreover, musicology is a theory of artifacts, what brings about the fact that its domain constantly changes and increases. The specific construction of the domain of musicology is joined with peculiarities of its terminology and conceptual scheme. Musicological terminology is very wide and musicological terms are encumbered by logical errors: ambiguity and vagueness. At the same time, acquiring the state of correctness in such a complicated conceptual and terminological framework is a very difficult task. Another peculiarity of musicology is the fact that one cannot sharply distinguish between analytic and synthetic musicological sentences. Finally, the peculiar feature of musicology is the presence of normative sentences in its structure. A methodologist, concerned with diagnosis of logical status of methodology and methods of its improvement, has to respect all these peculiarities.
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