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1

The Voice Beyond Us J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI’s Theses About Conscience

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Szymik J.
Roczniki Teologiczne
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 2: Teologia dogmatyczna - English Version
27-49
EN
Many times culture and liberal and democratic mentality of post-modern Europe juxtapose individual conscience with objective and commonly valid moral law, treating the former as completely autonomous, while replacing the latter with the law established by majority. J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI reminds that conscience is a subjective norm, but the one that is not deprived of objective reference. As the ability inherent in human nature by God's intention, it corresponds with the order of things, also established by God, and links a will (freedom) of man with the will (freedom) of God. Rationality, characteristic of a man, and expressing through conscience as the ability to get to know the truth of existence and distinguish good from evil, has its roots in obedience, that is the readiness to listen to. Thus, conscience is, in essence, an ability to listen to God and co-knowledge about Him. That is why, prayer and respect for teaching of the Church play crucial role in shaping conscience and neither cognition mistake nor personal ignorance either do not justify or finally release the man’s guilt. It is crucified and resurrected Christ who justifies, and requirements of conscience lead to Christ, through remorse.
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Teologia w Polsce. Tożsamość, intuicje, perspektywy

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Szymik J.
Teologia w Polsce
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2008
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vol. 2
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issue 1
5-19
PL
„Nowe dociekania” oraz „szukanie bardziej odpowiednich sposobów podawania doktryny współczesnym” stały się zasadniczymi siłami napędowymi i wektorami rozwoju teologii w ostatnich dekadach dwudziestego stulecia i na początku nowego. W oryginalny i, by tak rzec, „płodny” sposób zasada ta realizuje się w Polsce – powstające w ostatnich latach wydziały teologiczne w ramach państwowych uniwersytetów są tego zjawiska owocem.
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Acedia, neognoza, popreligia et consortes. Josepha Ratzingera/ Benedykta XVI teologiczne diagnozy kryzysów współczesności

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Szymik J.
Teologia w Polsce
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2016
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vol. 10
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issue 2
5-21
EN
The shape of anthropology depends on the shape of theology. Godless anthropology distorts the image of a man; a broken relationship with God makes all spheres of life and human activity become distorted and degraded. While rejecting his Creator and the dependence on Him, a man loses his sense of meaning and taste of life. He neurotically tries to find them in other areas, replacing real values with substitutes and true reality with independently created requisites. Ratzinger shows that the loss of God and misplaced human autonomy generate sorrow, emptiness and, consequently, protest; everything in life becomes ill. According to J. Ratzinger/ Benedict XVI, the most dangerous contemporary diseases of culture and spirituality are: neo-gnostic mentality which is a mixture of anthropological frustration, blind faith in science and snobbery of elites; trendy fascinations with the West versions of Far Eastern religions generally supporting nihilistic inclinations of postmodernity; narcissistically creative culture and relativistic output placed beyond good and evil - in the name of tolerance and pluralism. The only cure can be cognition of real God and recognition of a source of hope and love in Him. Only by drawing from Him, a man is able to co-create the world where the final word does not belong to death.
PL
Kształt antropologii zależy od kształtu teologii. Antropologia bezbożna wypacza obraz człowieka; zerwanie relacji z Bogiem sprawia, że wszelkie dziedziny życia i ludzkiej aktywności ulegają deformacji i degradacji. Człowiek, wyrzekając się swojego Stwórcy i zależności od Niego, traci poczucie sensu i smaku życia. Neurotycznie poszukując ich innych przestrzeniach, zastępuje prawdziwe wartości substytutami, a prawdziwą rzeczywistość samodzielnie wykreowanymi rekwizytami. Ratzinger pokazuje, że utrata Boga i źle pojęta autonomia człowieka generuje smutek, pustkę i w efekcie bunt; wszystko w życiu staje się chore. Neognostycka mentalność, będąca mieszaniną antropologicznej frustracji, ślepej wiary w naukę oraz snobizmu elit; modne fascynacje zachodnimi wersjami dalekowschodnich religii, wspierającymi w sumie nihilistyczne zapędy ponowoczesności; narcystycznie kreatywna kultura oraz relatywistyczna twórczość sytuowana – w imię tolerancji i pluralizmu – poza dobrem i złem stanowią zdaniem J. Ratzingera/ Benedykta XVI najgroźniejsze dziś choroby kultury i duchowości. Lekarstwem może być tylko poznanie prawdziwego Boga i rozpoznanie w Nim źródła nadziei i miłości. Tylko z niego czerpiąc, człowiek jest zdolny współtworzyć świat, w którym ostatnie słowo nie należy do śmierci.
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Czasy przykładać do miary Chrystusa. Postęp(owanie) ku Bogu a ubóstwienie postępu – kryteria J. Ratzingera/BenedyktaXVI

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Szymik J.
Roczniki Teologiczne
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2015
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vol. 62
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issue 2: Teologia dogmatyczna
21-45
EN
Modern understanding of progress, resulting from freedom and mind that have been given such principal and unconditioned place and importance by current anthropology, turns out to restrict, in fact, the direction of human development toward extending technological capabilities and cultivating innovations or changes as values in themselves. This way the proper sense of the mankind (and its history) is perceived; of the mankind that, after all, makes its way from its origin in God towards its fulfillment in Him – toward the unification with Christ. Replacement of earthly useful techniques, skills or tools with others cannot be considered as a real improvement, if it is deprived of the moral yardstick, purpose and spiritual reference. J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI warns that this dangerous reduction, deluding with ostensible effectiveness of operations and worldly profits (material, psychological etc.), sometimes involves also the Church and theology. Meanwhile, their task is not to necessarily `keep up with times', but to protect the world and men against destructive, sinful or deadly ideologies and tendencies, such as technocracy and idolatrous dictatorship of progress.
PL
Nowoczesne rozumienie postępu, wynikające z naczelnego i niczym nieuwarunkowanego miejsca i rangi, jakie obecnie w antropologii zyskały wolność i rozum, okazuje się w istocie ograniczać kierunek rozwoju człowieka do poszerzania możliwości technologicznych i kultywowania nowości oraz zmiany jako wartości samych w sobie. W ten sposób zapoznany zostaje właściwy sens rozwoju (historii) ludzkości zmierzającej wszak od swojego początku w Bogu ku spełnieniu w Nim – zjednoczeniu z Chrystusem. Zamienianie docześnie użytecznych technik, umiejętności i narzędzi na inne, jeśli pozbawione jest moralnej miary, celu i duchowego odniesienia, nie można uznać za rzeczywiste doskonalenie. Ta niebezpieczna redukcja, uwodząca pozorną skutecznością działań i szybkimi doczesnymi profitami (materialnymi, psychologicznymi itp.) – przestrzega J. Ratzinger/Benedykt XVI – staje się niekiedy również udziałem Kościoła i teologii. Tymczasem ich zadaniem nie jest koniecznie „pozostawanie na czasie”, lecz ochrona świata i człowieka przed ideologiami i tendencjami niszczącymi, grzesznymi, śmiercionośnymi, a do takich należą technokracja i bałwochwalcza dyktatura postępu.
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Marek Jagodziński, Sakramenty w służbie ‘communio’. Studium teologiczno-komunikacyjne, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo UKSW 2008, ss. 483.

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Szymik J.
Teologia w Polsce
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2010
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vol. 4
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issue 1
154-157
PL
Recenzja książki: Marek Jagodziński, Sakramenty w służbie ‘communio’. Studium teologiczno-komunikacyjne, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo UKSW 2008, ss. 483. 
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Współczesne zadania teologii. Wizja J. Ratzingera / Benedykta XVI

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Szymik J.
Teologia w Polsce
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2010
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vol. 4
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issue 1
49-63
PL
„Szansą dla teologii i dla uniwersytetu, prawdziwym pożytkiem dla obu stron jest pamięć teologii o tym, że mieszka ona nie tylko w domu nauki i tym samym posiada potencjał pozanaukowy – jako scientia sui generis. Jest wiedzą duchową, żyje kontekstem Kościoła, jego pastoralnym, ewangelizacyjnym oddechem.”
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Theologia benedicta wobec nazizmu i komunizmu. Aspekt pastoralno-historyczno-polityczny

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Szymik J.
Studia Pastoralne
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2014
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vol. 10
296-313
EN
The way J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI addresses the issues of communism and Nazism in his works leads to the very essence of the problem, which is shown as a bigger one and – unfortunately – more long-lasting than the 20th century faces of these two ideologies. He emphasises the fundamental, crucial relationship between these concepts (simultaneously constituting political systems) and atheism, negation of God, both in the spheres of faith and ethos. Metaphysical aspirations of men, distorted by absence of God, are diabolically deformed and, finally – in their mutated version, deluding by national-, social- and economic Utopia – assume the forms of cruel, totalitarian systems of power and violence, directed against men. Within the closed circle of history and matter driven by the power of mind independent of the objective (God’s) truth, today it also proves impossible to make the world better with no conversion, i.e. without ensuring the right place for God in individual and public life, unless God is perceived as the Lord of the whole history who can give future and hope to men.
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„Kiedy myślę: Ojczyzna, szukam drogi”. Teo-logiczna perspektywa Jana Pawła II w 100-lecie Niepodległości Polski

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Szymik J.
Studia Pastoralne
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2019
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vol. 15
185-198
EN
Project titled ‘Polonia Restituta. The Decalogue for Poland on the 100th Anniversary of Independence’ is intended by its authors – the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the Council for Social Affairs of the Polish Episcopal Conference – as a thought about the future of our Homeland and State, about ‘how Poland should look like’. It should be a thought from a clearly defined perspective of Catholic social science, that is a theo-logic perspective. The Minister explains: we need ‘an in-depth reflection on where we are going to and what for, what values should accompany our collective life, what values we should use as the basis to restructure our state’. And later: since ‘the role of the Catholic church is unique and incomparable with any other institution in our history’, consequently, ‘here and now, we will examine Poland through the prism of its teaching, which directed the generations of our ancestors.’ ‘Thinking Homeland … Civic virtues and patriotism on the 100th anniversary of regaining independence by Poland’ is one of the ‘commandments’ of the ‘Decalogue for Poland’ under elaboration, i.e. one out of ten segments of theo-logic thinking (the thought guided by the logics of social science derived from the science of God) and understanding of the phenomenon of Poland itself. The sub-title clearly specifies further that the subject of the said thought shall be a conjunction of civic virtues (= a set of attitudes resulting from the bonds joining a person and a state) and patriotism (= according to John Paul II: ‘love for everything relating to homeland’, a moral virtue of love to Homeland). And the questions like: how do they relate to each other, whether they are directly or inversely proportional to each other, what ethical/social spaces do they share and which ones are separate for them? etc. Whereas, the two-word title (being the title of Karol Wojtyła’s poem) enables, and – what is more: suggests, inclines – to provide the thought in the light of teaching of our great fellow citizen and compatriot, the saint Pope. Thus: what John Paul II tries to tell us about what is patriotic and what is civic and about the interrelationship, threats and perspectives between these two aspects? And what – this is the most important question – from his theo-logic thought in this subject could become ‘deca-logic’ (in the perspective of liability and morality) for Poland, for its conversion, good and future? Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II does not differentiate clearly (he does not formulate strict definitions, does not make differences) between patriotism and civic virtues. The fundamental string of his thought and teaching in this respect is directed towards in-depth understanding and description of patriotism, which leads to civic ethos (the so-called civic virtues, arete politike, that is, a set of attitudes which show concern about the common good, namely, the state). He presents these in several genealogical layers of his works and teaching: within the poetic layer (here, in particular, in his poem titled Thinking Homeland… of 1974), within the essayistic layer (here, in particular, in Memory and Identity, written in 1993 and 2005) and within the preacher’s and lecturer’s layer (here, for instance, in homilies and speeches made during pilgrimages to Poland, but not only in these cases, also in some speeches concerning the issue in question, among others, during his famous speech in the Paris-based seat of UNESCO in 1980). The poem Thinking Homeland…, a text exceptionally dense in terms of language and content, published five years after its creation, already during the pontificate, under a nick name, contains several splendid and well-known phrases of Wojtyła: ‘When I think: Homeland, then I express myself and put down my roots’; ‘Is it possible for history to flow against the current of consciences?’’ ‘the liturgy of history’. Fragments of Memory and Identity constitute its essayistic development and interpretation. It is in this work where John Paul II explains fundamental content of his theology of patriotism/civic virtues, homeland and nation, their history and culture. In short: Homeland is a heritage, a resource of goods (strictly interrelated spiritual and material values, culture and land) received ‘after ancestors’. The teaching of Christ includes the most in-depth elements of theological vision of the homeland – it ‘opens the notion of homeland towards eschatology and eternity, but by no means deprives it of its earthly content (!). Patriotism means the ‘love for homeland’, an internal attitude (pietas) and a moral virtue, falling within the scope of the 4th commandment of the Decalogue. Both homeland and nation have got their own theological roots and existential reference to the mystery of creation and – similarly as in case of a family – they constitute ‘natural communities’ (nature of a man is of social character; a nation ‘is not a fruit of an ordinary agreement’) and ‘remain realities that cannot be replaced’ (!). What is more to say and describe in more detail in this subject: ‘You cannot […] replace a nation with a state’, ‘the more you cannot convert the nation into the so-called democratic society’. The Pope reaches for Christology also in this case: ‘The mystery of personification, the foundation of the Church, belongs to the theology of nation’ and gives it proper justification and inalienability, direction and depth. Theology and theo-logics of homeland and nation, as well as a theological reflection over relationships between ‘man – nation– homeland – state – civic virtues’, protects the whole difficult, complicated conglomeration, exposed to vagueness and distortions against mistakes and their existential consequences (sometimes with terrible results), such as, on the one side eradication and orphanage, and on the other side, a nationalism (‘so as the inalienable function of the nation will not degenerate into nationalism’). Calling for the ‘”Jagiellonian” dimension of Polish identity’, the Pope writes that ‘Polish identity is, in fact, a multiplicity and pluralism, not parochialism and confinement’. At the same time, he defends the – nowadays attacked – strive for protection and development of the ‘nation’s identity’ against its dispersion in transnational and cosmopolitan structures. He does so through the category of culture, crediting it with fundamental significance in his theological thought concerning the nation and state (thus, also the patriotism and civic virtues). During his speech in the seat of UNESCO, he mentioned: ‘The nation is such a great community of people who are joined together with various bonds, but, above all, with culture. The nation exists ‘because of its culture’ and ‘for its culture’. […] There is a basic sovereignty of the society, expressed in the culture of nation. Simultaneously, it is the sovereignty through which a man becomes parallelly the most sovereign.’ He said a terrific thing about his experience of papal service: ‘with my experience of the history of my homeland, with my increasing experience of the value of nation, I was not a stranger for the people I met. On the contrary, my experience of homeland facilitated, to great extent, my contacts with people and nations on all the continents.’ Consequently, the basic conclusion from ‘thinking: Homeland’: when, in the Christian, ecclesiastically moderated space, ‘I express myself and put down my roots’ into what is native and national, then the process (and attitudes co-creating it) serves what is universal for all humans, transnational, universal, eternal. Strengthening of (arousing, developing and cleansing) patriotism constitutes the best way to strengthening of (arousing, developing and cleansing) virtues and civic attitudes. Let us emphasise it: both require protection – patriotism need protection against demons of nationalisms, civic virtues – against emptiness of a liberal state, where the nomo-, bureau-, and technocracy cannot defend the panegoism and atrophy of virtues. ‘When I think: Homeland, I’m looking for the way’ – wrote Wojtyła forty-four years ago. The way runs through the Baptism of Poland, teaches. The one dating back to more than a thousand years and the one, in which all subsequent generations should cleanse themselves. The Baptism will save Independent Poland and its citizens, it will bring the future to both the Homeland and State. The Baptism will put down its and their roots in the redemptive God’s mysteries of creation, personification and love.
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Delectatio et decor ordinis. O teologii Jacka Salija

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Szymik J.
Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne
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2019
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vol. 32
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issue 4
56-80
PL
Which word can summarise the huge oeuvre of father Jacek Salij? What is the key? How can you define the theology which is both Theocentric, and Christocentric; consequently ministerial towards the Church, man, “spiritual seekers”; constructive in theses and polemical; intransigent towards foolishness, naivety, barbarity; creative and deeply set in the most outstanding philosophical and theological tradition; creating identity and cooperating with culture, literature and arts; engaging all intellectual powers into matters of faith and ethos; professional, research, erudite and ministerial, close to life, existential; Polish and universal, substantively systematized and formally diverse...? Here is Thomas-like decor ordinis in Salij’s life and …
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Smutek pocieszony. J. Ratzingera/Benedykta XVI traktat o radości

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Szymik J.
Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne
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2015
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issue 29
165-182
EN
The hard facts of sin, evil, pain and – finally – death oppose the human desire and striving for joy. The severity and gravity of earthly existence and its finiteness question the possibility of experiencing authentic joy, its legitimacy and even moral integrity. Unlike the efforts of civilization aimed at ensuring a sorrow-free existence for humans, the phenomenon of the Christian answer lies in the recognition of the necessity of the co-existence of sorrow and joy, while trusting in God. Consequently, the Church does not look for joy outside sorrow, in rejecting it, but – in the spirit of Passover – in the transition from death to life. The dialogue between God and man in the New Testament begins with the words announcing the good news: ‘Rejoice!’ Joy is possible since God grants the right to it, also now, among the shadows of evil: He redeems the world through His death and Resurrection and sends the Spirit – Paraclete – Comforter. J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI sees a vital task for the Church in celebrating the Eucharist and being sent to serve as the minister of God’s mercy in the awakening of this authentic joy that cannot be lost. The guarantee of this joy is the future in God, which makes the hardship of existence tolerable and is an instrument and internal power of the  truth.
PL
Ludzkiemu pragnieniu radości i dążeniu do niej sprzeciwiają się twarde fakty: grzechu, zła, cierpienia i ostatecznie śmierci. Dotkliwość i dramatyzm doczesnej egzystencji oraz jej skończo- ność stawiają pod znakiem zapytania możliwość autentycznej radości, jej zasadność, a nawet mo- ralną prawość. W odróżnieniu od cywilizacyjnych wysiłków zapewnienia człowiekowi bytu wol- nego od smutku, fenomen chrześcijańskiej odpowiedzi polega na ufnym wobec Boga uznaniu ko- nieczności współistnienia na tym świecie smutku i radości. Dlatego drogi ku radości nie szuka Kościół poza smutkiem, w odrzuceniu go, lecz - paschalnie - w przejściu: ze śmierci do życia. Nowotestamentalny dialog Boga z człowiekiem otwierają słowa wieszczące dobrą nowinę: „Raduj się!" Radość jest możliwa, bo Bóg także teraz - pośród cieni zła - daje do niej prawo: zbawia świat przez śmierć i zmartwychwstanie Jezusa i posyła nań Ducha-Pocieszyciela. W rozbudzaniu tej au- tentycznej i nieutracalnej radości, której poręką jest przyszłość w Bogu, czyniącej znośnym trud istnienia, będącej narzędziem i wewnętrzną mocą prawdy, widzi J. Ratzinger/Benedykt XVI istot- ne zadanie Kościoła sprawującego Eucharystię i posłanego, by być szafarzem Bożego miłosierdzia.
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Przyszłość i zadania teologii

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Szymik J.
Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne
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2017
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vol. 30
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issue 2
128-140
EN
A question involving the tasks of theology in the presence of the Mystery of God is de facto the question of the very nature of theology, the cognitive role of faith and the interrelation between faith and mind. J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI devotes a lot of attention to this issue in his publications and teachings. He teaches that faith releases and purifies mind (making in independent, non-ideologised), opening it towards the truth, thus also towards the mystery. Recognising the priority of gi<, God’s grace, who makes Himself known through His Word and actions, constitutes a vital condition of theological cognition. A
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NAJGŁĘBSZE PRAGNIENIE BOSKIEGO NAUCZYCIELA. Ekumenizm według J. Ratzingera/Benedykta XVI

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Szymik J.
Studia Oecumenica
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2013
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vol. 13
71-90
EN
Christian unity is desired by Christ Himself and, consequently, it is also a continuous imperative of Christian conscience and particular care on part of each pope. The starting point of J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI’s thought and teaching is clear distinction between seeking unity through human strategy and the way to unity ultimately accepted as the gift of God Himself. Consequently, it paves the way for thinking about Christian schism in the context of ”Divine retribution”, i.e. the situation where God still acts and attracts to Himself. Such perspective protects against vanity and ambition to organise the world as if according to “God’s way”, but – in practice – without God. J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI copes with ecumenically tempting notions-proposals (such as, for example, pluralism) that lead to an apprehensive acquaintance with identity. His lodestars are: Christ – the Truth – longing – patience – suffering – good – conversion.
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Syn jako rozdarta zasłona. Misteria Jezusa w ujęciu J. Ratzingera–Benedykta XVI

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Szymik J.
Collectanea Theologica
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2020
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vol. 90
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issue 4
109-123
PL
Kwestią objawienia prawdy o Bogu przez Wcielonego Syna zajmowało się w dziejach chrześcijaństwa wielu teologów. Ale prezentowane tu tezy J.Ratzingera/Benedykta XVI – Ojciec widziany dzięki "rozdarciu zasłony" Syna - interpretowane w aspekcie wyzwań teologiczno-kulturowych najnowszych, są oryginalne i wyjątkowe na tle teologii systematycznej ostatnich stu lat. Poznanie teologiczne jest tu metodologicznie ściśle wiązane z naśladowaniem Jezusa. Akcentuje nierozerwalną i wzajemną zależność naukowej teologii z chrześcijańską praxis, chrystologicznej hermeneutyki z egzystencjalną postawą wiary. Intelektualne i duchowe zrozumienie tajemnicy Jezusa zależy od zażyłości z Nim i na tej drodze rośnie: tylko Syn może pokazać Ojca, ponieważ Go zna w sposób, który definiuje Jego egzystencję jako Syna. Wewnątrztrynitarna rozmowa z Ojcem – modlitwa Syna, Jego synostwo-posłuszeństwo znajduje w historii swój cielesny wyraz, a człowieczeństwo Jezusa, którego kulminacją staje się krzyż, pozostaje Jego modlitwą. Ziemskie życie i Pascha Jezusa wprowadza w ludzkie, niejasne pojęcie Boga doświadczenie miłującego Ojca, czyniąc tym samym bieg dziejów definitywnie sensownym i spełnionym, a wiarę zasadną.
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Pożądający winnicy. Agnostycyzm, ateizm i antyteizm w ocenie J. Ratzingera/Benedykta XVI

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Szymik J.
Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne
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2014
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issue 28
131-145
EN
According to Joseph Ratzinger/Benedict XVI, while considering all the differences involving the origin and forms of atheism, agnosticism and antitheism, their common denominator is lack of humbleness. Pride prevents people from encountering God who, in fact, might always be recognized. It is not the faith itself, but lack of faith that is contrary to nature. Therefore, the dialogue with atheism, although carried out of respect for men, demands the full truth to be revealed about the definitive and objective evil of godlessness, which inevitably leads to the culture of death. Contemporary negation of God makes use of philosophical, scientific, psychological and social reasoning, intensely deterministic and marked by moralism, in which only immanent natural and historical processes are taken into consideration. Consequently, men have nothing else to do than to disastrously put the world in order only at their own discretion, bound by sin, to achieve worldly benefits. The result is an irrepressible attack on the Church which calls to conversion, secularism with modern roots and spiritual emptiness (boredom) that fills people with a sense of meaninglessness and hopelessness.
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"Logos" i "ratio". J. Ratzingera/Benedykta XVI opowieść o Bogu, który obdarza łaską rozumu i łaską wiary

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Szymik J.
Teologia w Polsce
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2012
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vol. 6
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issue 1
5-19
EN
in his works, J. ratzinger/Benedict XVi devotes a lot of attention to the issues of faith and reason, their interdependence, inseparability and necessity. He considers these issues crucial for today’s civilisation, mentality and culture, in which reason remains dormant or blind. By rejecting faith, the present day – paradoxically – narrows human reasoning capabilities. Thus, the pope calls for the ‘broadening of reason’, i.e. its orienting towards cognition of truth, based on ‘thinking about the world as a whole’. This can be done thanks to faith and love, which enable men to transcend their cognitive limitations. Adequate balance and cooperation between reason and faith protect men either from irrationality of faith or profanity of reason. Whereat, the pope derives anthropology from christology: acting in conformity with reason means acting in accordance with Logos. Both faith and reason are signs of grace. Men can discover truth about themselves in christ.
PL
Odrzucając wiarę, współczesność paradoksalnie zawęża ludzkie możliwości poznawcze. Właściwa równowaga i współpraca rozumu i wiary chroni człowieka zarazem przed bezrozumnością religii, jak i bezbożnością rozumu. Papież wyprowadza antropologię z chrystologii: działanie zgodne z rozumem jest zgodne z Logosem. Łaską jest i wiara, i rozum. Prawdę o sobie człowiek odkrywa w chrystusie.
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Apokatastaza według Miłosza. Teologia sensu i nadziei

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Szymik J.
Studia Oecumenica
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2020
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vol. 20
EN
  The dispute over the ‘hope of salvation for all’ was (is?) one of the most intriguing debates in the theology at the turn of the 20th and 21th centuries. Popularly, though slightly simplified, it is perceived as the dispute over apokatastasis (Greek: revival). In his literary work, Czesław Miłosz uses the notion of apokatastsis, however, clearly not as much as the ‘hope for an empty hell’, but rather hope for an ultimate accomplishment of omni-reality. For him, it is nothing else but a biblical code of sense – ‘no loss of details’ (as he writes) in God, and salvation of man and world alike.
PL
  Spór o „nadzieję zbawienia dla wszystkich” był (jest?) jedną z najciekawszych debat teologii przełomu XX i XXI wieku. Popularnie – choć z uproszczeniem – funkcjonuje on jako spór o apokatastazę (greckie: odnowienie). Czesław Miłosz w swoim dziele literackim stosuje pojęcie apokatastsis, jednak wyraźnie w znaczeniu nie tyle „nadziei na puste piekło”, co nadziei na ostateczne spełnienie wszechrzeczywistości. Jest to dla niego nic innego jak biblijny szyfr sensu – „nieprzepadania szczegółów” (jak pisze) w Bogu i ocalenie tak człowieka, jak świata.
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Teologia 2.0. Konstytucja dla nauki wiary (kilka uwag)

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Szymik J.
Teologia w Polsce
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2018
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vol. 12
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issue 2
105-115
EN
Civilizational, ideological context of postmodern West forces theology to confirm its identity, tasks and place in the scientific and academic world. Among many opinions and positions, particular authority is vested in the International Theological Commission and proposals presented by the last popes – John Paul II and Benedict XVI – for whom an encounter in the space of the Church of the cognitive capabilities of faith resulting from grace with the truth-oriented mind bears the fruit in the form of theology: an effort of searching for and finding God who manifests Himself as the Saviour. Such theology requires courage, since it contests liberal and atheistic concept of the autonomous mind and the corresponding model of technocratic university. Persisting – often in spite of ostracism – at the European university and drawing on from its latest experiences, theology remains a guarantee of its objectivity, a holistic vision of reality, rationality serving good and wisdom.
PL
Cywilizacyjny, ideowy kontekst ponowoczesnego Zachodu każe teologii potwierdzić swoją tożsamość, zadania i miejsce w naukowym i uniwersyteckim świecie. Wśród wielu opinii i stanowisk szczególny autorytet przysługuje Międzynarodowej Komisji Teologicznej oraz propozycjom ostatnich papieży – Jana Pawła II i Benedykta XVI – dla których spotkanie w przestrzeni Kościoła poznawczych możliwości płynących z łaski wiary oraz ukierunkowanego na prawdę rozumu owocuje właśnie teologią: wysiłkiem poszukiwania i znajdywania objawiającego się zbawczo Boga. Taka teologia wymaga odwagi, o kontestuje liberalną i ateistyczną koncepcję autonomicznego rozumu i odpowiadający jej model technokratycznego uniwersytetu. Trwając, często mimo ostracyzmu, na europejskim uniwersytecie i uważnie czerpiąc z jego najnowszych doświadczeń, pozostaje teologia rękojmią jego obiektywności, holistycznej wizji rzeczywistości, racjonalności służącej dobru, mądrości.
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Awake, my heart and think... Truth as a foundation for life

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Szymik J.
Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne
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2010
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issue 24
429-433
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"Aleś mi utworzył ciało" (Hbr 10,5). Teologia inkarnacji według J. Ratzingera/Benedykta XVI

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Szymik J.
Teologia w Polsce
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2011
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vol. 5
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issue 2
219-236
EN
J. Ratzinger / Benedict XVI proposes a theology of the Incarnation built on the Christology of meaning. In essence, he derives it from two biblical texts: the Prologue of the Gospel of John and the Epistle to the Hebrews. The present Pope closely links the event of the Incarnation with the creation and the Trinity dogma. The Word that became flesh had existed since the beginning (the eternal Logos); the Incarnation is a consequence of the intra-Trinitarian relationship. Jesus of Nazareth is the Son of God – this is the central Christological truth, whose gospel testimony is to be found in the words of Jesus Himself and in His prayer. Therefore, the event of the Incarnation is at the same time an event of revelation and salvation: Jesus is the real “place” of God’s presence and the real “instrument of propitiation” – hilasterion. The historical singularity and the material limitation of Jesus of Nazareth’s life as well as the consequent sacramental spirituality of the Church are, on the one hand, a manifestation of God’s humility and, on the other, a guarantee of divine presence and the definiteness of salvation. The death and resurrection of the Son of God restores the original (created) meaning to the world and gives it the ultimate meaning, which man regains by participating in the Son’s gesture – His relation to the Father.
PL
Inkarnacja Syna jest bowiem istotnie i pierwszorzędnie wewnątrztrynitarnym aktem duchowym, przyjęciem ciała przez Syna, przyjęciem, które jest zgodą Syna słuchającego Ojca (posłusznego Ojcu). To posłuszeństwo zostaje wcielone, odpowiedź Syna „staje się ciałem”, teologia Słowa staje się teologią Wcielenia.
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W stronę mariologicznej syntezy. Associazione Mariologica Polacca, La Vergine Maria nel magisterio di Giovanni Paolo II, a cura di: Teofil Siudy, traduzione di: L. Abignente, Studi Mariologici 11, Pontificia Academia Mariana Internationalis, Citta del Vat

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Szymik J.
Teologia w Polsce
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2007
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vol. 1
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issue 1
152-155
PL
Recenzja książki: Associazione Mariologica Polacca, La Vergine Maria nel magisterio di Giovanni Paolo II, a cura di: Teofil Siudy, traduzione di: L. Abignente, Studi Mariologici 11, Pontificia Academia Mariana Internationalis, Citta del Vaticano 2007, p. 311. 
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