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1

Naszyjniki z Drohiczyna

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Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2007

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vol. LIX

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issue 59

31-43

EN

Preserved in Józef Marciniak files in the archives department of the Archaeological Museum in Krakow is a line drawing of a slightly bent open neckring fashioned from a rod of circular section (Fig. 1). Ornamented on its outer face with alternating transverse ridges and plain lightly protruding panels bronze (ovolo design, or Eierstabornament) the neckring tapers towards both terminals which are open and curve outwards, ending in plano-convex knobs. Only the details on the provenance (the drawing is described as “Drohiczyn on Bug River, bronze”) of the neckring are known; circumstances of its discovery and later fate are unclear; the piece itself is at present missing. A nearly identical neck ornament, also provenanced to Drohiczyn, is preserved in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (Fig. 2); it was dug up in 1919 from a hillside in an area of seriously eroded paving, reportedly, in company of two bronze plain rod armlets (Z. Szmit 1924, p. 125, fig. 7–9). Dated to the Early Iron Age (cf J. Kostrzewski 1964, p. 92, 126) on the basis of its form and distribution range of parallel ornaments the neckring fits in the category of forms which are ascribed with having a Balt provenance (J. Kostrzewski 1956, p. 56). The neckrings from Drohiczyn unite traits observed in two distinct ornamental forms: thin wire neckrings with outcurving terminals, and bronze rod neckrings with a ribbed ornament; the latter are thought to derive from richly ornamented hoops fashioned from bronze sheet rolled into a tube. Dated to the older phase of Hallstatt Period (Ha C) such hoops are noted in Wielkopolska, Śląsk, Kujawy and Western Pomerania (D. Durczewski 1961, p. 98, J. Kostrzewski 1955, p. 141; 1970, p. 101–102, fig. 68b–g.l). Bronze neckrings with outcurving terminals (ca 30 specimens) originate from seven archaeological sites on SW Baltic (Fig. 3, 4). Their most recent dating is phase II (550–120 BC) of settlement in the region (cf M. J. Hoffmann 1999, p. 7; 2000, p. 126). Basing on their attributes neckrings with outcurving terminals may be distinguished into three main groups (Table 1): Group I, which includes two neckrings from Kierwiny, distr. Lidzbark Warmiński (Fig. 4a.b) and the two pieces from Drohiczyn, distr. Siemiatycze (Fig. 1, 2). All these forms are ornamented with isolated ridges and the ovolo motif, their terminals end in differently shaped knobs. Group II includes a neckring from Dąbek, distr. Mława (Fig. 4d), two finds from Yaroslavskoe (Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia), ornamented on the body with ridges or grooves, with widely set apart expanded funnel terminals (Fig. 4g), and all other unornamented neckrings from Yaroslavskoe (Fig. 4f). The neckring from Pistki may be placed either in Group I or II. Group III is represented by forms either ornamented with grooves or lacking any ornament which terminate in profiled funnel or stamp-like heads, ornamented with an incised cross pattern, recovered at Orzysz, distr. Pisz (Fig. 4c), and probably also at Sovetsk (Kaliningrad Oblast). The same group also includes the specimen from the gravefield at Rembielin, distr. Przasnysz (Fig. 4e). Almost all of the cited neckrings show evident affinity − in the ornamentation of their body and shape of their terminals − with ornaments noted in Lusatian and Pomeranian Culture from the Late Hallstatt Period (Ha D) and early La Tène Period (LT A). Only the neckring from Rembielin has a form strongly reminiscent of similar ornaments with a Celtic provenance; basing also on the presence at the site of finds linked to LT B (A. Pozarzycka-Urbańska 1978, p. 160; A. Waluś 1992, p. 90; Z. Woźniak 1995, p. 206) it could have a slightly later dating. Presence of several neckrings with outcurving terminals in two hoards discovered on territory of Samland Group suggests that they could have been produced locally, presumably for trading. On the other hand, their diversity of form indicates rather that originate from different centres of metallurgy active at the time (A. Waluś 1982, p. 243–247; M. J. Hoffmann 2000, p. 176–177) which produced objects having interregional traits but at the same time marked by local distinctiveness. Neckrings with outcurving terminals are limited in their distribution to the zone of direct influence of the West Balt Barrow Culture (cf J. Okulicz 1973, p. 250, fig. 99). In the past the region of Drohiczyn was thought to have lain outside the zone of infiltration of Balt settlement (T. Węgrzynowicz 1973, p. 88–91). Pottery fragments discovered in the area where the hoard was discovered were placed in a set material analysed and published by J. Dąbrowski (1961, p. 24) as Lusatian Culture material from Podlasie. However, according to the recent publication of findings from excavation made at Drohiczyn (I. Kryński 2006) the site harboured the remains of a settlement (or gravefield) showing strong links with Balt lands. Earth and stone structures associated with settlement suggest direct association with fortified settlements in the West Mazurian Group of the West Balt Barrow Culture (J. Okulicz 1973, p. 260–269). The majority of vessels (I. Kryński 2006, pl. 1–5) show traits typical for group II of West Balt Barrow Culture pottery (cf Ł. Okulicz 1970, p. 31–37). Also some of the metal finds (I. Kryński 2006, pl. 6–8) find analogy on Balt territory, including Samland Peninsula (A. Bezzenberger 1904, p. 57, fig. 60, 64; W. Gaerte 1929, fig. 72c; M. J. Hoffmann 1999, pl. XXI:9, XVIII:14.15, XIX:6). Definitely, the results of this research argue strongly in favour of shifting the geographic range of Balt settlement as far to the south as the the River Bug. It is difficult to interpret the nature of the hoard from Drohiczyn. Obviously, deposition in the area of a settlement or burial ground was nothing out of the ordinary in its day and tends to be interpreted as evidence of an attempt at safeguarding one’s valuables in times of trouble. On the other hand, the selection of objects contained in the hoard, all of them ornaments and armlets and particularly, the presence of paired neckrings and armlets, similarly as in the hoards from Kierwiny and Orzysz (where pairs of neckrings were accompanied by pairs of spiral bracelets and pins), may suggest a ritual rather than an economic interpretation of these deposits.

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Okruchy historii. Kilka interesujących skorup z Anusina na Kujawach

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Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2019

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vol. LXX

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issue 70

93-103

EN

This article discusses the unique ornamentation of a vessel from a grave assemblage discovered in unspecified circumstances in the village of Anusin in Kujawy before World War II. The vessel, most probably of the Cloche Grave Culture, can be dated to the Early Iron Age. This globular cinerary urn is decorated with a grid of cord-like impressions. The pattern is most similar to the ornaments known from the face urns of the Pomeranian Culture. The false cord impressions were probably made with a tool resembling a hoop earring wrapped in coiled wire. Such items of adornment, with Eastern references, were popular in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture (e.g. Trzęsówka type coils) and are also found in Kujawy. The vessel from Anusin is therefore an example of an object combining various pottery and ornamental traditions of the communities settled in Kujawy around the middle of the 1st millennium BC.

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Uwagi o technice zdobienia, pochodzeniu i chronologii naczynia z przedstawieniem figuralnym z Kosina, pow. kraśnicki

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Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2016

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vol. LXVII

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issue 67

111-129

EN

Archaeological finds from studies made in 1925 by M. Drewko of three Lusatian Culture cemeteries at Kosin, Kraśnik County in the Lublin Province, at present in the collections of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, were published in 1974 (M. Drewko 1929, p. 283; J. Miśkiewicz, T. Węgrzynowicz 1974). A remarkable group of pottery vessels from cemetery II has a decoration of motifs arranged into geometric patterns, figural representations and narrative scenes with an evident symbolic significance (G. Dmochowska 1985, p. 74–77). Of special interest is an urn from grave 380 (373), survived incomplete, with an anthropomorphic representation impressed on its black, well-polished surface. The human figure forms part of an elaborate composition of dendromorphic designs and geometric motifs unfamiliar in the Lusatian Culture. After its primary publication (J. Miśkiewicz, T. Węgrzynowicz 1974, fig. 19), the vessel has now been reconstructed anew (with the missing elements of the figural scene filled in) using its fragments identified at a later date (Fig. 1–3). Recent studies of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age exchange between the south-eastern region of Poland and the Eastern European forest steppe zone suggest that most of the symbols and decorative patterns known from Kosin, also from the vase found in grave 380, have their prototypes and direct analogies in the decoration of pottery wares belonging to the pottery traditions of a broad range of cultures with stamped and incrusted pottery (A. Vulpe 1965; 1986; B. Hänsel 1976; L. Krušel'nic'ka 1998; M. Kašuba 2000). Next to distinctively decorated pottery finds recorded in this region include a remarkable series of specialist tools used in applying designs, including a rich set of fired clay stamps. Insight into the pottery craft of cultures with stamp-decorated pottery furnished by these finds was used in a new analysis of decorations on the urn from Kosin – their execution method and stylistic provenance of individual details. A detailed macro- and microscopic examination was made of ornaments on vase from grave 380 and on a similarly decorated urn from grave 86 (Fig. 3, 4) allied with experiments made using modern replicas of tools (Fig. 5) made using input from published archaeological materials and an analysis of impressions visible on the studied vessel. It was established that vase from grave 380 was well-proportioned, built using fine quality clay and expertly fired. The decorations were impressed on an evenly smoothed, uniformly black surface. It is probably that the recesses of the stamped impressions were originally inlaid with a white substance. Designs of circles with pellets (Fig. 6) and broken lines (Fig. 7) were executed using clay stamps: round, with a diameter of ca. 0.95 cm, and a flat, with a lightly arched and denticulated working edge, presumably with 10 teeth. Tools of this description used presumably by this vessel’s maker find close counterparts in inventories of Hallstatt cultures of the Danube region and forest-steppe zone with stamped and incrusted pottery (B. Hänsel 1976, pl. 25:5, 43:8.9, 52:6, VII:18–30, VIII:3–6.9.14.18; M. T. Kašuba, 2000, fig. X:28, XXII:II, XXVI:1.2; L. Krušel'nic'ka, 1998, p. 181, fig. 51:2, 95:48, 96:32). Designs reminiscent of cord impressions (Fig. 8, 9) were created by pressing into the clay rectangular- or square-sectioned wire twisted around its axis (cable). Presumably this was not done – as previously thought – with a reused ornament (neckring), but with a specially made curvilinear implement. A metal tool for making ‘cord’ impressions is a convenient and effective ‘substitute’ of a clay stamp with a diagonally incised edge, particularly popular in the Balkan region (A. László 1969, p. 224, fig. 2; 1972, p. 212, note 7, fig. 9–11; B. Hänsel 1976, pl. 17, 51, 52). The urn from Kosin is undoubtedly the work of an experienced potter, highly proficient in the potterymaking technologies, tools and decorative traditions of south-eastern Europe. Dendromorphic and geometric motifs of the rich decoration have prototypes in the decorative styles of the early and middle Hallstatt ‘stamped pottery cultures’ – particularly, Pšeničevo, Insula Banului (vel Ostrov) and Babadag Groups and Cozia-Saharna Culture – mainly, variant Cozia (B. Hänsel 1976, pl. 25:5, VII:18–30, VIII:3–6.9.14.18; M. Kašuba, 2000, fig. X:28, XXII:II). Analogies to the way of rendering the human figure – its plastic form and workmanship have been found in the cemetery at Schirndorf in northern Bavaria dated to Ha C (A. Stroh 1979, p. 194, pl. 134:6; 1988, p. 60–61, 145–146, pl. 87:5, 89:1.2, 110:3, 111:5; 2000, p. 155, pl. 44:1; R. Hughes 1999, table 4) and the locality Ernstbrunn in Lower Austria (Fig. 10) (C. Dobiat 1982, p. 320, fig. 26; A. Reichenberger 1985, fig. 1:3, 2). Images of ‘lyre players’ or ‘cither players’ known from that area (cf. B. A. Pomberger 2016, p. 64–65) are a fusion of inspiration from Greek art with its Aegean roots (motif of a lyre/cither player) with symbols and decorative techniques characteristic for the Balkans and the western Black Sea region going back to the early Hallstatt Period (10th–9th c. BC) (cf. E. Bugaj 2010, p. 105). Formal, plastic and technological attributes of the vase from grave 380 from Kosin II justify the dating proposed for this exceptional vessel, and a series of similar specimens from that cemetery, of early Ha C, which would correspond to the 8th c. BC (M. Trachsel 2004, p. 151). Their presence documents the influx to our region not only of finished wares or new decorative styles, but also of people who had at their disposal the tools and skills needed to make and decorate vessels according to the style design deriving from the pottery workshops of southern Europe.

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Groby kloszowe z cmentarzyska w Stodzewie, gm. Parysów, stan. 3

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Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

131-143

EN

The site at Stodzew, comm. Parysów, woj. mazowieckie, lies at a distance of about 300 m NE from farm buildings, at a distance of some 500 m from the present-day channel of the Świder river on the highest elevation in the area (141.6 m above the sea level), in the moraine range of Siedlce Heights (Wysoczyzna Siedlecka) (Fig. 1). As in the past, the dune is at present mined for sand and gravel. The site at Stodzew came on record for the first time in the 1940s, the time when the large cloche grave cemetery was being excavated at the village of Transbór in the neighbourhood (A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 296, fig. 35). Research at Stodzew was ultimately spurred by recently incoming reports on random new discoveries of cloche graves made during sand and gravel extraction. Fieldwork carried out at Stodzew in 1997 covered an area of ca 190 m2 of the top of the moraine elevation (Fig. 2). In addition, some 40 m2 disused mine workings indicated as the place where a number of graves had been buried were excavated (with negative results). Trenches cut in the W section of the study area produced, under a layer of humus and subsoil, which contained pottery fragments and numerous stones, the remains of a culture layer and features of a Przeworsk culture settlement. The cloche graves were discovered lower down, at the depth of more than a meter below the ground level, under a layer of yellow sand. The present article is concerned with Cloche Grave culture material recovered during a rescue excavations (features A – grave goods preserved in fine condition and B – heavily damaged) and during stationary fieldwork (partly damaged grave 1 and undisturbed graves 2 and 3). Features discovered in situ at Stodzew were classically “cloche grave” in form. Each held an urn covered by an upturned bowl. From the point of view of its construction grave 2 was exceptional, covered with two closely fitting cloches. The urn it contained (a large mug with a broken off handle) was accompanied by a small jug with a handle set below the rim. In grave 3, the bottom of the cloche was additionally covered with a large potsherd. The urn (a small jug with a broken off handle) stood on a ceramic support, a sherd from the same pot as the one used to cover the cloche. Urns from graves A, B, 1 and 2 held the remains of women aged 20–35 years, in grave marked as feature A, deposited together with the cremated bones of an infant. The remains of another child, presumably a baby, were buried inside grave 3, of unusually small dimensions 3. Grave 1 was deposited in a pit filled with ashes, graves 2 and 3 in pits dug in clean sand, their lower section only with difficulty distinguishable from their surroundings. In the upper section of the pit of grave 2 there was a concentration of burnt animal bone and potsherds. Species composition of the remains from grave 2a closely corresponds (except for the horse, not noted at Stodzew, and birds, rarely noted at other Cloche Grave culture sites) to animal species deposited in human graves (T. Węgrzynowicz 1982, p. 221, fig. 44). The most noteworthy items discovered among the grave furnishings were bone pendants. Two such specimens, fashioned from dog’s teeth roots (Fig. 4g.h), found inside the urn in grave 3, occurred together with the remains of earrings ornamented with beads made of blue-coloured glass with a yellow-white wavy line (Fig. 4i.j). An openwork comb-pendant (Fig. 4d, 5) was discovered in the urn in grave A among burnt human bones next to an iron hoop and the upper section of the arms of bronze tweezers. Any of the archaeological finds recovered at Stodzew may serve as a base for precise dating of the grave assemblages. However, a number of less reliable pieces of evidence let us to determine the general chronology of this cemetery. It was noted that most of the vessels in grave 2 and 3 are fine-walled, smoothed specimens with a developed form, richly ornamented. Together with the accompanying cloches they resemble in their features forms associated with the earliest interval in the relative chronology defined for Cloche Grave culture material in Mazowsze and Podlasie, which is placed in Ha D (M. Andrzejowska 1995, p. 132–135). Furthermore, grave 3 produced fragments of ornaments containing ia beads of blue-coloured glass with a wavy white or yellow-white inclusion. Similar specimens have been recorded in the area of interest in Lusatian culture assemblages dated to Ha D (T. Węgrzynowicz 1968, p. 509). Analogous dating is adopted for this ornament form with regard to the evidence from Pomeranian culture (cf M. Matthaus, Ch. Braun 1983, p. 56–58, maps 1, 2). Consequently, it may be concluded that at least some of the features at the cemetery at Stodzew originate from Hallstatt period D, the earliest period of the development of the Cloche Grave culture in Mazowsze.

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Cmentarzysko fazy wielkowiejskiej na stan. 1 we Władysławowie Chłapowie, woj. pomorskie

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Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

145-188

EN

The cemetery at Władysławowo Chłapowo, distr. Puck, lies in the region of Kępa Swarzewska (Fig. 1), on a high (some 45–48 m above the sea level) table-land of the cliff coast of the Baltic (Fig. 2). First discoveries of graves in stone settings at Chłapowo (at present, Władysławowo Chłapowo) were recorded in the nineteenth century. Early in the next century numerous discoveries continued to be made in villages nearby (Amtlicher Bericht über die Verwaltung der naturgeschichtlichen, vorgeschichtlichen und volkskundlichen Sammlungen des Westpreußischen Provinzial-Museums für das Jahr 1896, p. 36; 1903, p. 29; 1913–1915, p. 20), but no materials or records from research made during that period have survived. In archaeological literature Władysławowo Chłapowo, site 1, appears for the first time thanks to the efforts of G. Ossowski, who in 1877 carried out sondage excavations and published its results (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVID:5–7; 1881, p. 66). Subsequent discoveries led to the exploration in 1892 by Dr. Lakowitz of 10 graves in stone settings (Nachrichten über deutsche Alterthumsfunde 1892, p. 82–83). In 1934 J. Krajewska excavated 10 graves and 6 hearth pits (ZOW 1935, p. 31). Basing on the grave inventory from Chłapowo published by G. Ossowski E. Petersen included it in the set of elements distinctive for what he distinguished as the Grossendorfer Gruppe (E. Petersen 1929, p.129, table I, item 9). Regular excavation work at the cemetery was initiated in 1947 by Jerzy Antoniewicz. During three seasons (1947, 1948 and 1950) 975 m2 were explored. Of 135 features uncovered at the time some 110 are definite or probable graves (partly damaged or destroyed), the remainder were pits or not easily identifiable areas of darker earth. Basing on their structure the features may be divided into two main categories: features with and without stone settings. The former may be distinguished further into three sub-types depending on the type and manner of utilisation of the building material. 1. Cist features. The side walls of the stone setting are formed by flat slabs of split sandstone or granite, or large flat stones set in the form of usually not very regular, most frequently, square-shaped boxes. The latter were usually additionally reinforced with pebbles to make the structure more tight and stable. 2. Walled-in features. The stone settings are formed by arranging irregularly shaped stones in a rectangular, usually square, outline. 3. Mixed structures. Side walls formed by stone slabs and flat stones as well as pebbles of diverse shape and size. The cover of the grave was in the form of a slab or flat stones (in type I graves) or cobbles of small irregular stones, which covered the features of all the three types, giving them the appearance of small stone-built domes. Inner measurements of the graves generally ranged between 30 and 60 cm, their height was around 30 cm. The bottom of the type I graves (in slab construction) was usually lined with dressed flat stone slabs; in all three types of structures the grave bottom was lined with flat stones and cobbles of small fieldstone. Only in one recorded case the urn stood directly on the sand bottom (grave 11). Graves in stone settings nearly always held burials deposited in cinerary urns. The only exception was Feature 16 containing a small quantity of burnt bone, spread on the grave bottom. Most of the urned graves held a single vessel with cremated remains. Only three burials (graves 68, 90, 100) contained two such vessels (in grave 68, perhaps even three). The urns were stood on the slabs or flat stones, occasionally in addition set about with small pebbles (eg in graves 1, 15, 73). In one case only (grave 12), the urn was strewn about with the remains of the pyre. In grave 24, the urn occurred together with a small pottery vessel probably holding the remains of the pyre. As a rule, the cremated remains had been deposited in different types of pots, usually biconical or vase-shaped forms. In a number of cases, jugs were used as cinerary urns (graves 23, 58, 67, 68 and presumably 79), in two, bulbous vessels with two handles set in the upper section of the vessel body. Three further graves (48, 59, 76) contained urns – vessels with a pair of perforations on the neck. Flat let-in lids covered them, similarly as the urn in grave 17, which also was unusual in form. Fragments of flat urn covers were discovered in a number of substantially damaged features. The report from the excavation by Lakowitz mentions three urns covered with flat lids (Nachrichten über deutsche Alterthumsfunde 1892, p. 83); for his part, Ossowski discovered a vessel with a pair of perforations inside one of the graves (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVI:D5). The mouth of this vessel still held a clay ring, most probably securing a lid fashioned from some organic substance, perhaps a piece of cloth. Another unusual way of closing the urn was by sealing its neck opening with clay (grave 28). On rare occasions, the urn was covered by another pot (grave 72?) and probably, plates of fired clay (grave 68). As a rule, urns were covered with inverted bowls but on several occasions, a bowl was placed inside the urn neck the right way up (graves 1, 67, 73, 75, 100). Accessory vessels occurred in three graves only: in feature 23 – a miniature bucket, in grave 75 – a jug, and in grave 44 –a small pyriform vessel. Metal objects – ornaments – mostly surviving in fragmentary form – were discovered only in eight graves: bronze pins – in graves 18, 42, 55, 76 (Fig. 8e, 18d, 21d, 29c), a unique iron pin – in grave 60 (Fig. 22j), bronze bracelets or fragments of bronze band – in graves 51, 52, 53, 55 (Fig. 18g, 21b.c.i). The most richly furnished grave is the one discovered by G. Ossowski, holding fragments of probably four bracelets of double wire and another specimen fashioned from a bronze band (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVID). In the group of features lacking stone settings three grave types may be arbitrarily identified: urned, cloche and unurned-pit graves. At Władysławowo Chłapowo five urned graves are recorded (41, 54, 95, 98 and 118). Only the first of them was a “purely” urned burial, deposited in the sand, without traces of a pit, pyre or any additional structures (Fig. 15). In two cases, urns were covered with a bowl, placed in the vessel mouth the right way up (graves 41, 54), in one case, upside down (grave 98). In two graves the cremated remains were held by pots with two high-set handles (graves 41, 118) once, by a deep bowl (grave 54). Accessory vessels or any grave goods did not accompany urned burials. Of nine graves (34, 36, 38, 40, 49, 56, 102, 104, 113) which were defined as certainly or probably belonging to the cloche type, graves 40, 102 and 104 were so badly damaged that it impossible to reconstruct their original form. They held only the fragments of a large vessel, which may have covered the urn. In the remaining burials, the mouth of the vessel covering the urn was surrounded or supported by stones. In grave 56, its bottom was lined with stones. In graves 43 and 38 the urn, and the in the latter case, also the cloche, had been strewn about with ashes from the pyre. Ample remains of the pyre (?) were also observed in the pit of graves 102 and 104, but they did not contain any bones. In cloche graves, the function of cloche as a rule was played by pots of various type, including one probably having two handles set underneath the rim. In grave 113 the cloche was a large bowl resting on stones, covering both the urn and the accessory vessel – jug. A miniature vessel (accessory vessel?) was also discovered in the pit of grave 104. Ovoid pots held twice the cremated remains with two handles set below the rim, in three cases, by jugs. Fragments of bowls were discovered in three graves (36, 40, 102), but only in the description of grave 36, it is noted that a bowl had covered the urn. The inventory of grave 102 included a fragment of a bronze rod (pin?), and grave 104 produced a fragment of a bracelet or neck-ring (Fig. 32e). During fieldwork, 39 features were uncovered of which 19 were defined during excavation as smudges, the rest as pit graves or pits. Most of the “smudges” are grey-coloured blotches of different shapes and dimensions, their depth, presumably slight, were not recorded. Features defined as pit graves or pits (except for feature 112) were circular or oval in shape. The dimensions of most pits were between twenty-odd to about 50 cm, their depth as a rule, not greater than twenty or so centimetres. The largest pits (21 and 94) had the depth of no more than 15 cm. The pits’ fill was dark earth full of pyre remains, in three features (7, 39, 121), with larger charcoal fragments. In eleven cases, the presence of ashes was noted, in nine (not always the same ones), of granite stones, usually burnt and concentrating at the bottom of the pit. All features contained sherds, some of which had evidently been in the fire (37, 101, 112, 119, 120, 121). Only seven pits produced bones, usually a very small quantity. It may be observed that the ceramic inventory of some pits resembles the set of vessels characteristic for the furnishings of cloche graves. At the same time the set of vessels (in which may be included pots with pairs of knobs on their upper body – cf feature 36) commonly occurred in features of the contemporary settlement at Juszkowo, distr. Pruszcz Gd. (pow. gdański) (L. J. Łuka, M. Pietrzak 1969, p. 88–89, fig. 5a.c.d, 6a, 7a; J. T. Podgórski 1971, p. 83, 86, fig. 4b.g; 1972, fig. 8–12). Other pits, less easily described, must have been the remains of hearths, fires and places of deposition of pyre remains associated with the functioning of the cemetery. Analysis of the distribution of the most frequently noted finds revealed a number of regularities. Biconical vessels apparently formed a concentration in the S section of the cemetery and were associated with the zone of graves in stone settings (Fig. 38). The same area also visibly produced a greater number of metal finds (Fig. 41), the SW section of the cemetery, vessels with paired apertures and flat lids (Fig. 38). The latter also occur in the N band of graves in stone settings, which was, at the same time, a zone of more numerous occurrences of vase-like vessels (Fig. 39). Vessels with a roughened body and smoothed neck, although apparently associated with the NE zone of graves in stone settings, are present in different types of features, whereas ovoid vessels with two handles set under the rim appear in cloche graves and in “pit” features situated in the NE “grave” part of the cemetery (Fig. 40). Jugs do not seem to be particularly associated with any of the named zones (Fig. 41). This apparent zonal distribution of features and grave goods may result both from chronological differentiation of assemblages in the cemetery and from observed dissimilarities in funerary rite, expressing different aspects of worship of the dead. Analysis of evidence from the cemetery at Władysławowo Chłapowo shows that features discovered at that site meet the criteria defined for cemeteries of Wielka Wieś phase (cf E. Petersen 1929, p. 116; J. Kostrzewski 1933, p. 59 ff.; 1958, p. 204–221 and 359–361, tables 54–62; W. La Baume 1939, p. 218 –phase A; J. T. Podgórski 1992, p. 205 ff.), considered at present to be the oldest phase of Pomeranian culture, datable to Ha C (Czopek 1997, p. 60). Obviously, the set of observed features of the funerary rite and movable inventories does not exhaust the full list of adopted diagnostic features. Absence of some of them, (eg, flat lids enclosing the urn rim, house urns or certain types of metal objects) may be the evidence of internal chronological differentiation of the identified phase, local distinctiveness of materials or result from the incomplete exploration of the partly destroyed cemetery.

6

Osada kultury grobów kloszowych na stan. 10 w Warszawie–Zerzniu

100%

Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

179-195

EN

The site at Warszawa–Zerzeń lies on a small dune elevation of the upper floodplain terrace of the Vistula River valley on the right bank of the river, in the area of Wiązana and Zwoleńska Streets (Fig. 1). The settlement was discovered in 1976 during fieldwalking survey. In 1983 the Warsaw Unit of The State Ateliers for Conservation of Cultural Property excavated 600 m˛ of the site. Work was continued on a much lesser scale in 1984 (42.5 m2) by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, where all the material recovered during the investigation is now being stored. Excavations were carried out in the accessible S and SW section of the dune (Fig. 2a). 10–20 cm thick cultural layer was revealed as well as 23 features found under the humus (Fig. 2b). Fifteen were interpreted as archaeological features: pits (4, 7, 8, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21), concentrations (3, 9, 10, 22, 23) and a possible burial feature (20). Nearly 3000 potsherds were recovered from the features and the culture layer (features – ca. 2000, cultural layer – 350, arable – ca. 650 fragments) together with seven entire spindlewhorls and a fragment of another, several stone tools (smoothers, grindstones) and 16 flints. Most of the pits were irregular in outline, usually roughly oval and ranged in area between 0.6 and ca. 2.6 m2. In section they were also irregular, with blurred outline. The pit-fill, up to 65 cm deep, included potsherds, occasionally also daub and stones. There were two concentrations of potsherds belonging to a single vessel (features 10, 23) another, of potsherds and stone tools (feature 22), yet another, of daub and stones (feature 3). None of the features discovered could be interpreted as dwelling structures using appropriate criteria (J. Michalski 1983); at least one (feature3) may have formed a part of a dwelling structure but its construction cannot be identified at present. Likewise, no remains of hearths or production features were distinguished. Most of the pits were apparently used for storage. This is suggested by remains of large vessels found in the lower sections of features 8 and 14 (Fig. 9l,r, 10m,n). Feature 20, interpreted as a grave, contained in its uppermost layer pottery fragments, which may have belonged to the inventory of a cloche grave. Lower down pit fill yielded small fragments of burnt bone. Given the lack of comparative material the significance of a possible burial deposit made within an inhabited area cannot be fully understood. Pottery from the settlement was classified using typology designed by T. Węgrzynowicz (1988, 3 f.). The majority of potsherds originated from vessels with a roughened surface. Ovoid and barrel-like pots with notched rims were best represented (Fig. 5, 9, 10, 18, 19). Only a slight proportion was formed by vessels known from cemeteries: forms with asmoothed well-defined neck and a roughened body (Fig. 5b,d, 9p, 10h, 15a,c,d, 19h), cups and jugs (Fig. 17c, 19p). Numerous fragments of bowls represent acommon category of vessels – smoothed, unprofiled or having an indistinct curve beneath the rim (Fig. 4a, 5i, 9a,g,i, 15b, 19o). Other ceramic forms included fragments of circular discs-plates (Fig. 4b,e, 9e,f,j), thin walled miniature vessels (Fig. 4f, 19f,i,m) and a fragment of a miniature lid (Fig. 4c). Potsherds decorated with an ornament of stamps or fingernail impressions represented only a small percentage. Grooves made with a tool having several tines (comb?) were noted on the surface of a number of potsherds. Plastic ornament was represented only exceptionally by cordons and knobs seen at the neck-body junction. Macroscopic analysis of technology and comparative qualitative analysis of the distinguished vessel categories suggest that the settlement may have been inhabited by the same community which was using the nearby cemetery (site 4) dated to the early La Tène Period (M. Andrzejowska, T.Węgrzynowicz 1995).

7

Halsztackie ozdoby brązowe z Warszawy-Wilanowa

100%

Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2020

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vol. LXXI

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issue 71

217-237

EN

Three impressive bronze ornaments were discovered by accident in 2015 in Wilanów – a district of Warsaw situated in the area of the western terrace of the Vistula River, running along the foot of the Warsaw Escarpment. The place where the hoard was found lies on periodically inundated terrain, formerly used for agriculture and currently intended for housing and road development (Fig. 1). The find consists of two massive anklets formed of round bronze rods and a multi-spiral bracelet made from a metal ribbon with a triangular cross-section (Fig. 2). The anklets, preserved in very good condition, were recovered from a small hole in a compact lump of earth (Fig. 3). Next to it were fragments of a heavily corroded spiral, preserved in three parts. The rods of the anklets, with a maximum thickness of 1.7 cm and terminals hammered into circular, slightly convex discs, were bent in opposite directions into 1⅔ and 13⁄₅ coils. The external diameters of these ornaments measure 13 and 13.3 cm – items of this size are identified as anklets (Fig. 4, 5). The bracelet, coiled from a 1.1-cm wide ribbon with wire-like terminals, originally consisted of 13 coils of approx. 8 cm in diameter (Fig. 6A, 6B). An almost twin ornament, consisting of groups of transverse grooves and figures resembling hatched triangles, is visible along the entire length of the rods of both anklets (Fig. 4:c, 5:c). The three outermost spirals on both sides of the bracelet are decorated with repetitive motifs of inserted angles, ‘herringbone’ and ‘hourglasses’ composed of hatched trapezoids (Fig. 6B:d). Ornaments were stamped on the cast rods of the anklets and on the prepared bracelet ribbon, hammered on a matrix, before they were coiled (Fig. 7–9). To maintain the planned rhythm of repeating decorations, the arrangement of leading motifs was first marked (Fig. 10). In an effort to maintain the same sequence of motifs and the symmetry of the ornamentation on individual coils of the anklets, the central, individually visible sections of the rods were covered with a double band of parallel decorations. Patterns on the terminal sections were drawn in single lines and visually doubled by overlapping the ends of the rods. The anklets discovered in the Wilanów field represent the Stanomin type of anklets, which fall into the category of ‘Kuyavian ornaments’ – objects attributed to the bronze metallurgical centre of the Lusatian Culture, functioning in Kuyavia in the younger phase of the Hallstatt Period (HaD). The Stanomin type also includes numerous examples of ankle-rings regarded as imitations of decorations from the eponymous hoard, creating local varieties of varying range. According to the recently proposed typological division of Stanomin anklets, the Wilanów specimens should be classified as the classic form of their Mazovian version. Both the form and type and arrangement of ornamental motifs are characteristic of decorations noted in great numbers in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia. The spiral bracelet also belongs to the category of artefacts commonly found in assemblages containing ‘Kuyavian’ ornaments. However, the much larger number of coils, the cross-section of the ribbon, the wire-like terminals and the particular ornament differ from Stanomin-type bracelets. The features of the Wilanów bracelet are characteristic of specimens (including objects completely devoid of decorations) registered in the same areas and in the same assemblages as the Stanomin anklets of the Mazovian version (Fig. 11, 12). Dissemination of the specific style of decoration of Hallstatt bronze ornaments from Mazovia and Podlachia may be related to the appearance on the Vistula route, running from south-eastern Europe towards Kuyavia, of pottery decorated in a similar style, characteristic of Moldova and western Ukraine from the end of the 8th and first half of the 7th century BCE. The chronology of some assemblages containing ‘Kuyavian ornaments’, older than previously assumed, may be also determined by their co-occurrence with binocular brooches of the Strzebielinko and Krásna Hôrka type, which, according to the latest findings, should be dated no later than 7th century BCE (HaC–HaD1). The spread of stylistically consistent anklets and spiral bracelets, to which Wilanów ornaments are most closely related (Fig. 13), indicates the existence of a workshop or workshops in the area of eastern Mazovia and/or Podlachia, manufacturing objects of fairly uniform characteristics. However, it can also be assumed that there were centres located outside this area, creating and distributing items decorated in the style accepted or even desired by recipients residing in the above-mentioned territory. The multi-element hoards from Kisielsk, Łuków County, and Podbiel, Otwock County, undoubtedly testify to the far-reaching contacts of the local population. Chemical analysis of the objects from the Wilanów hoard (Table 1) shows that the metal for both anklets was smelted from copper ore from one deposit, while the bracelet was made of different components – perhaps also in another workshop. Similar conclusions apply, for example, to elements of the hoard from Zagórze, Wadowice County. Said assemblage contains items showing connections not only to the Kuyavian centre but also to the region of the Western Carpathians (Krásna Hôrka in Slovakia) from where finished products or patterns for local manufacture flowed into neighbouring areas and beyond (vide long bracelets from Gośniewice, Grójec County, formed of a ribbon with triangular section and with twisted wire-like terminals). A reliable assessment of the phenomenon, with its local specificity and broad territorial and cultural connections, is hindered by the lack of traces of production and the scarcity of comparable metallurgical analyses of the artefacts described. Another issue is the poor state of knowledge on the settlement of the population participating in the processes of manufacture, acquisition or exchange, transfer and storage, and offering or hiding of valuable goods.

8

Brązy ze Słupi – historia niedokończona

100%

Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2017

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vol. LXVIII

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issue 68

119-145

EN

The State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA) has in its collections two striking Hallstatt bronze pieces (Fig. 1) recorded as “presumably from Słupia Nowa, Kielce County (PMA/III/5701). They had been purchased for the Museum in 1928 from G. Soubise-Bisier (1849–1937), Warsaw antiquarian, with an information that they came “from Słupia, from Wilczewski’s collection – presumably Leonard Tallen-Wilczewski (1857–1933 or 1935), a Warsaw lawyer. The Archaeological Museum in Cracow (MAK) has in its keeping a group of bronzes which in the inventory registers and catalogue are provenanced to Słupia Nowa vel Nowa Słupia (MAK/7653). Listed under one number are three objects which correspond chronologically and typologically to the pieces now in Warsaw, and two other artefacts whose association with the same assemblage raises some reservation. All of them used to be part of the collection of Bolesław Podczaszyński (1822–1876), a Warsaw architect, archaeologist and collector of antiquities whose holdings were sold in 1880 from his heirs to the Academy of Learning in Cracow. Both groups (the Warsaw and the Cracow one) were published as finds from Słupia Nowa, County Kielce, vel Sandomierz Region, by J. Kostrzewski (1964, p. 66, 67–68, fig. 87) in an article in which he presented and discussed Bronze Age and Early Iron Age metal finds from the middle and southern area of the Warta and the Vistula drainages. Basing on differences in their appearance (type of patina) Kostrzewski concluded that the bronzes originally belonged to two group finds (hoards). Hoard I supposedly included the two pieces now in Warsaw and two from the Cracow group, with a ‘water’ patina (Fig. 2:2.4–6), while Hoard II included the three other Cracow specimens with a green patina (Fig. 2:1). Moreover, Kostrzewski concluded that Hoard I included two almost identical spiral bracelets, one of which is at present in the Cracow, the other in Warsaw. The present paper proposes to revisit the attribution of the bronzes of interest into two ‘hoards’, basing on the criteria adopted by J. Kostrzewski to see if it is fully corroborated by the history of this whole set, of which the composition in any case also raises doubts, hindering the analysis and interpretation of these finds. Additionally, analysis is made of the reasons for various shortcomings in the way the pieces were presented in the publication of Kostrzewski, with serious consequences for their attribution. Answers to some of the questions raised, particularly those concerning the circumstances of discovery of the artefacts, and their acquisition and recording in a succession of collections (private ones at first, then public), were found in the now widely accessible archival resources of the museums in Cracow and Warsaw, as well as in the works of archaeological and historical literature from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Especially helpful were exhibition catalogues of antiquities and reports published in contemporary daily press and periodicals. Invaluable insight was furnished when our knowledge of the discussed bronzes was compared against the archival record in the legacy of B. Podczaszyński, now in the Museum in Cracow, and inventories of the Museum of Archaeology attached to the Academy of Learning (since 1919, Polish Academy of Learning). What our analysis established is that the group addressed by J. Kostrzewski in his publication included three Hallstatt bronzes, definitely previously owned by B. Podczaszyński, and earlier still, by the amateur finder Józef Bałandowicz of Radom: an ankle-ring folded from a thick bronze bar (type Stanomin), a heavy, twisted neckring with loop terminals, a spiral ribbon bracelet which in 1852 passed F. M. Sobieszczański (1814–1878), a Warsaw historian and journalist (Fig. 2:1–3). Podczaszyński is named as owner of these pieces as early as 1856 at the time of their display at the first great exhibition of antiquities and artwork held in Warsaw. They were published in the exhibition catalogue and discussed in texts dedicated to it. Podczaszyński recorded (Fig. 5, 6) that they had been discovered in Sandomierz (the bracelet) and at Słupia Nowa (the others). In the exhibition catalogue the site of the discovery Podczaszyński described very generally as Sandomierz Region. This shows that he was not certain as to the location of discovery of these bronzes. After B. Podczaszyński’s death in 1876, but before the sale to the Academy of Learning, his collection were put into order. Index cards with descriptions of individual pieces were made out and numbered, which duplicated or supplemented notes made out by Podczaszyński – “neckring, “armlet (spiral bracelet) and “ring (ankle-ring), i.e. pieces known from the Warsaw exhibition, were assigned numbers 71, 74 and 124 (Fig. 6). The value of the collection was estimated, complete with extensive and general lists of the pieces and their valuation. However, as a result of errors made when identifying the artefacts and when recording the contents of the collection, upon its entry to the museum of the Academy of Learning the set of artefacts named earlier was augmented by three objects of unknown provenance, namely: a plain rod bracelet, belonging earlier to Tadeusz Zieliński, a collector from Kielce, and two fragments of obliquely grooved early medieval Balt neckrings with angular terminals (Fig. 3), presumably from the ‘Livonian’ part of Podczaszyński’s collection. In an inventory book completed around 1890 by G. Ossowski, the whole group is described as stray finds “from Słupianowa. J. Kostrzewski, on his visit to Cracow presumably in the 1920s, personally recorded the archaeological objects placed in one assemblage by Ossowski. However, Kostrzewski had had no access to Podczaszyński’s archival papers or to early inventory books or some nineteenth century publications. This led him to describe and sketch in his card file all the recorded objects as a group of ornaments from “Słupia Nowa (Fig. 4). In his 1964 publication he had been drawing on his notes and on the photographs of most artefacts made available to him, but the latter were not explicit enough. In the numbered card file of Podczaszyński’s collection there are two more index cards, marked with numbers 237 and 238, on which were recorded two other pieces found “in the village of Słupia Nowa in the proximity of Kielce (Fig. 7). But at present they (“arm ring and “coil) are not to be found in the collection of the Cracow museum. The analysis of the archival documentation related to Podczaszyński’s collections and evidence furnished by e.g., the catalogue of artefacts exhibited in 1876 at Pest during an international congress of anthropology and archaeology suggests that these are the same as the two pieces now found in Warsaw. The bronzes from Podczaszyński’s collection, presumably also acquired from Bałandowicz, disappeared in unknown circumstances, presumably after his death, and before the sale of the collection to Cracow. It is likely that they were purchased by an unknown amateur antiquarian of Warsaw when after Podczaszyński’s death, Teodor Ziemięcki (1845–1919), a member of the Academy of Learning, proposed to purchase the pieces from his collection and present them to public institutions in Warsaw in a noble attempt to prevent the scattering of this valuable collection. The predecessor of Wilczewski and Soubise-Bisier, previous owner of bronzes now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, remains unknown. It is certain only that these artefacts entered that museum only half a century later. J. Kostrzewski (Fig. 8) presumably examined and sketched them in the 1930s, when they were part of the permanent display of the State Archaeological Museum. After the war, until the time of their publication, he had had no access to them; after the wartime misadventures of the collection of the Warsaw museum the bronzes “from Słupia were identified and catalogued only in the early 1970s. This would explain their incomplete description and poor quality illustrations in Kostrzewski’s publication which do not convey the actual appearance of these objects. It may be concluded therefore that out of the objects which J. Kostrzewski had published as two hoards from Słupia Nowa five are pieces from the collection of B. Podczaszyński, discovered most likely near today’s Nowa Słupia, in Kielce County (Fig. 2:1–3.5.6). There is no sufficient basis to attribute them to one, possibly to two assemblages (hoards). Nevertheless, the current appearance of the spiral bracelet held by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (gold-brown, but with some green patina residue) and the information handed down by Podczaszyński about the original appearance of the bracelet now in the Archaeological Museum in Cracow (reportedly covered by a patina) suggest that these two almost identical ornaments could indeed have been discovered together. It is also feasible that they could have formed a set (a single find) with the other objects now in the Cracow museum, covered with a noble patina: the neckring and the ankle-ring, decorated similarly as the bracelets, with designs typical for metalwork provenaced to the workshops in the Kujawy Region. Outstanding in this group is the ankle-ring now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw with a residue of a ‘water’ patina (which was almost fully removed during conservation), and equally importantly, a decoration characteristic for ankle rings type Stanomin, Mazowsze variant, not encountered so far in the area of Kielce and Sandomierz.

9

Warszawa-Grochów "ul. Górników" - cmentarzysko z wczesnej epoki żelaza

100%

Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2012

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vol. LXIII

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issue 63

33-114

EN

Known alternately as Witolin, site 2, and Warszawa-Grochów, Ostro¬bramska Street, the site “ul. Gór¬ników” is situated in the Praga district of Warsaw on the southern slope of one of the dunes bordering the right-hand bank of the Vistula. At present this area is fully under urban development (Fig. 1, 2, 4) and the Górników Street itself, recorded on early maps of Warsaw, is no more. The site was discovered by chance in 1946. A fragment – 20 m2 – was excavated in 1947 by Maria Gądzikiewicz from the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. More finds surfaced in 1965 and 1968. Archaeological excavation was resumed in 1973 and continued until 1975, run by Jan Michalski and Hanna Młynarczyk from the state monuments conservation atelier Pracownia Konserwacji Zabytków who investigated a total 2343 m2. Previous to this research the site had suffered much depredation resulting in a loss or partial destruction of many archaeological features. Next to graves associated with a grave-field of the Cloche Grave Culture – the largest group –exploration was made of features attributed to the Pomeranian Culture and the Lusatian Culture, and several features associated with an early medieval cemetery which included some finely preserved inhumation graves. Archaeological material and documentation from this research passed to the State Archaeological Museum, recorded under inventory numbers III/1465, III/6049 and V/7227. The present study gives a presentation and a discussion of Bronze and Early Iron Age finds deriving from 82 features – primary or secondary, the latter formed of redeposited remains of destroyed graves. Included in the present analysis are funerary ceramics from the chance finds made in 1956 and 1968. The features associated with the early medieval cemetery will be the subject of a separate study. Eleven pits identified during the excavation were interpreted as archaeological features. Most of them were in the southern fragment of the investigated site. Their shallow, basin-like fill, generally contained very small and uncharacteristic fragments of pottery, charcoal, as well as a number of flints. Features 77 and 95 yielded pottery fragments with small perforations under the rim; feature 77 additionally held several flints: a fragment of a core (scraper?), some flakes (one retouched) and spalls. Three features (45, 54, 69) contained inserts of dark black earth rich in charcoal fragments, small fragments of pottery, in feature 54, such an insert also contained some burnt stones. These may be identified as the remains of fires/hearths and linked with a settlement of the Lusatian Culture from its final phase, earlier than the grave-field. The other pits may be interpreted as relics of funerary practices and some other forms of using the burial ground but there is no evidence to support this interpretation. The graves spread over a fairly large area occurring on their own or in irregular clusters divided by distinct empty spaces, in a way which is characteristic for many grave-fields from the Early Bronze Age recorded in Mazowsze. Of 41 features classified in the category of cloche graves only 27 actually were found to contain a legible ceramic structure, complete with a well preserved cloche. The cloche graves, discovered mainly in the central strip and in the eastern fragment of the investigated area, occurred with a varying intensity without forming distinct concentrations. At the same time, there was a number of “paired” features found close to each other, at least one of them a cloche grave. A more outstanding tandem (features 2.1 and 2.2) had the form of two communicating pits containing three actually child burials. In cloche graves the inventories predominantly consisted of a “classic” set of ceramics – a cinerary urn with the bowl placed over its opening and the cloche. In feature 16 the urn rested under two cloche vessels placed one over the other. In a few poorly preserved features no urns or their bowl lids were identified. In features 14, 16, 28 and 96 the urn rested on a ceramic stand (inserted into the bottom of another, incomplete pottery vessel) or on a “pavement” of pottery sherds. In addition, the bottom of the pit of grave 16 had a lining of daub and small stones. There is no evidence that the urns and the cloches were set about with rocks or sherds. The cloches are a mixed group of egg-shaped jars with a high-set shoulder and a roughened surface. A smaller group are large, broad-bodied necked vessels, the neck having a smoothed surface. Among the urns the dominant form ware profiled, necked vessels with a body either smoothed or roughened. And there is evidence that a handled cup was used for an urn at least once (feature 3/47). More than 40% cloche graves contained non-ceramic grave goods, mostly, very small, usually very poorly preserved bronzes. The largest assemblage is from a destroyed feature 55 and consists of fragments of iron ornaments and remains of earrings (bronze rings) retaining small fragments of chains and glass beads. Feature 28 yielded an antler haft and a sheet iron clasp with a rivet. Ten features were interpreted as the remains of single urn graves without stone constructions. Like the cloche graves, the urn graves although they tended to occur in the eastern zone of the investigated area formed no apparent clusters. On three occasions burials had been deposited in a handled cup (children), on five occasions (two children, three adults) in a small egg-shaped jar. Some graves had been provided with a fragment of a pottery vessel, a flat cake of clay (feature 2.2) or a flat stone (33) placed under the urn or used as a lid. In two graves (features 17, 30) next to the urn there were accessory vessels – small handled cups. In feature 17 inside the urn was a bronze dress pin, its head hammered flat folded into a loop. The pit of feature 30 yielded two small iron rivets and three small fragments of iron sheet. A unique burial rested inside a stone cist (feature 5) deposited in a pyriform urn with a hat-like lid and accompanied by an accessory vessel. Mixed with the remains of the cremation was a small fragment of a bronze object. Close to the cist grave there were the remains of some fully destroyed graves, at least two, containing multiple vessels, without evidence of a stone setting or cist (features 4, 11). They were recorded as clusters of pottery on the margin of a large refuse pit. The total number of the destroyed urns may be reconstructed from the fragments of at least 14 hat-like lids or bowl-lids. Presumably in these graves the function of urn was served by vase-like vessels of various sizes and some of the handled cups/jugs, used also as accessory vessels. Fragments of similar pottery (including a fragment of a hat-like lid) surfaced also in the fill of feature 12 found nearby, fully destroyed. The bottom of the backfilled pit of this grave had a lining of a few small stones. Features 4, 5, 11 and 12 were interpreted as relics of the Pomeranian Culture graves. The bone remains recovered from the cloche graves and urn graves of assorted types were found to belong to 56 individuals, more than a half of them adults (33). This differs from the situation observed in other grave-fields from the Early Iron Age where child burials prevail. Similarly as at Warszawa-Henryków, Warszawa-Zerzeń or Dziecinów, in the grave-field under analysis there was an observable tendency to give special treatment to the youngest burials. More outstanding in this respect were the urn graves which mostly, although not exclusively, were used for child burials, which, moreover, were deposited in handled cups and small egg-shaped jars. Twelve pit graves were discovered in the central and eastern area of the site. A few of them were almost fully eroded. It appears from observation of the better preserved graves that the cremated bones, found inside them in the form of a caked mass, had been placed in the pit in a container (urn) made of organic material, no traces of which survive at present. One burial which definitely belongs in the category of unurned pit graves is documented by the remains of a small child that were identified around the cloche in the pit of feature 2.1. The other burials (eleven of them subjected to osteological analysis) contained only, or for the most part, burnt animal bones, almost invariably, of horses, on occasion, of cattle. Only feature 13 was found to contain the bone remains of a small child. Five pit graves yielded small bronze and iron objects, including small buttons, rivets, an iron loop (“eye”) and an awl. They make up around 24% of the total number of features in the grave-field containing non-ceramic grave goods. Animal graves occurred on their own (10/47, 32, 41, 43) or in pairs (all the others), in the neighbourhood of the cloche graves and of a non-typical urn grave (feature 34) holding the human cremation and some cremated bones of horse or cattle. A small quantity of animal remains was recorded in a total of 14 human graves of diverse types, except for features 2.1, 79, all of them adult burials. Mostly the bones were those of a large mammal, and on one occasion of sheep/goat (feature 1/47) and roe deer (feature 5). Using the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz analysis was made of a total of close to 115 vessels a half of which were included in the sub-group of jars (A1). Over 40 vessels were bowls (B1), the remainder – jugs and handled cups (A2, B2). Typological analysis confirmed differences in the form and manner of surface finish, noted in earlier studies, of vessels used to furnish graves recognized as relics of the Pomeranian Culture as compared to the pottery from features attributed to the Cloche Grave Culture. The majority of vessels recovered from features 5, 4, 11 are forms classified as type A1I, variant a or b. These are vase-like, gently profiled pots, smoothed all over, with a relatively low-set belly. The most distinctive specimen in this group has a high funnel neck and is engraved with a pectoral – a vessel of similar shape (with the image of a face and a pectoral) surfaced in a cist grave at Sochaczew-Trojanów, another outstanding specimen is a pyriform vessel with a very high neck and a body roughened between the shoulder and the base which finds the closest analogy in a face urn from Rzadkowo, distr. Piła. The vessels discovered in these features were provided with lids, some of them hat-shaped, typical for the Pomeranian Culture. One of the graves contained a fragment of a face urn – a ceramic ear with three perforations. The pottery discovered in the Pomeranian Culture features is relatively thin-walled, its surface almost invariably well smoothed, frequently glossy. Except for the urn from feature 4, decorated with a representation of a pectoral, ornamentation of other vessels, including their lids, is limited to rows of minute punctures or diagonal grooves, common in the Cloche Grave Culture ceramics. Attributes of the ceramic furnishings in graves 4 and 11 correspond to the description of inventories of similar features of mixed character recorded in a number of other grave-fields in Mazowsze. Among the ceramic finds from graves associated with the Cloche grave-field the most frequent types are IV and V, variant c. These are vessels with a high-set body, roughened all over, no neck, and also, forms with a roughened belly, which typically is separated from a smoothed neck by a plastic cordon. Vessels displaying similar attributes, often encountered in “classic” grave inventories in the role of cloches and burial urns, are recognized as a ceramic marker of “classic” Cloche Grave Culture assemblages. A vessel type more in evidence than in most Cloche grave-fields are wares (mostly cloches) classified as type IIIc but close in their outlook to types Vc and VIc. This is because there is a relatively high frequency of egg-shaped jars with a roughened surface, the neck poorly marked, in some specimens indicated only by leaving a randomly levelled or smoothed band below the rim. Type V is also represented by a number of vessels without a cordon in which the roughening ends below the base of the neck. Cordons separating the neck from the vessel body, smooth or corrugated by impressing or incision, at times, provided with small knobs or lugs, appear only on six urns and six cloches, types A1I and A1V. Individual, flat bosses were noted twice. Absolutely unique is the placement of a group of three knobs on the body of an uncharacteristically profiled bowl discovered in feature 2.2. Also uncharacteristic are short, corrugated cordons applied diagonally onto the wall of the cloche from feature 55 which diverge from the arrangement typical for vessels used as cloches – of a festoon or tassels of a tied cord. The surface of several vessels, including a bowl (from features 37, 42, 44, 57 96), was covered by a dense network of intersecting grooves made with a comb. Decorative designs seen on other vessels include opposed groups of diagonal grooves pendant from the base of the vessel neck and circumferential arrangements of oval or sub-circular stamped impressions. The urn from grave 55 and the handled cup from feature 30 feature a rare design of circular indentations with a marked centre impressed using a fine tube-like object. A few jars and bowls have handles, in three cases with, at its base, applied cord “tendrils”. Finally, non-functional lugs, more likely to play the role of a decorative element, appear on several profiled cloches and urns, at the transition from the neck to the body, and in some bowls, below the rim. Non-ceramic grave furnishings were recorded in 21 features, i.e., in approximately a third of all the features (not only burials) subjected to analysis. The largest group are bronzes but there is also a significant number of identifiable iron objects (ca. 15). The best preserved bronze objects are the following: tweezers, discovered in feature 24 next to the remains of a horse, and possibly a fragment of a similar object – “arms and a slide”, from a cloche grave (?) recorded as feature 46, and a straight dressing pin with the top hammered and folded into an eye – from feature 17. Features 3, 40 and 90 yielded fragments of small bronzes which may be described as “buttons” or “tags”, possibly, dress accessories, alternately, as elements of horse harness or other accessories associated with keeping animals. From feature 55 come fragments of personal ornaments without analogy in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages recorded in Mazo¬wsze, namely, fragments of an iron neckring fashioned from a twisted square-sectioned wire, and a bracelet (of multiple coils?) from a strip of metal sheet. They were accompanied by small fragments of iron and bronze rings (earrings?) and melted glass. Feature 37 yielded the shaft of an iron swan-neck pin. Its head did not survive but we have reason to believe its shape had been similar to that of the bronze pin discovered in feature 17. Animal grave (feature 19) held two objects made of iron: a length of square-sectioned rod folded into a loop (an “eye”) and a short awl, partly square and partly round of section. Fragments of an object made of elk antler with a design of concentric rings with a dot at centre discovered in feature 28 were interpreted as the remains of a haft-handle of some implement. The seriously devastated condition of the grave-field and the partial or full destruction of many features make it difficult to establish the correlation between the position, structure and inventory of the graves. Nevertheless we can say that the construction of some of the graves belonging to the Cloche cemetery, particularly the nature of their inventories, displays a similarity to the model known from the Lusatian Culture grave-fields. Similarly arranged and furnished features recorded in Warszawa-Grochów, site “Brylowszczyzna”, have been attributed to the Lusatian Culture and, in case of graves covered with a cloche, recognized as early burials of the Cloche Grave cemetery. Stylistic and ornamental features of some other vessels from Warszawa, “ul. Górników”, recorded in the Lusatian Culture grave-fields in Warsaw, i.e., site “Brylow¬szczyzna”, and at Miedzeszyn, recall the pottery known from sub-units of the Lusatian Culture – the Upper Silesian-Lesser Poland Group (grupa górnośląsko-małopolska) and the Tarnobrzeg Group. This would confirm our assumption that in its emergence the Cloche Grave Culture in Mazowsze drew on local Lusatian traditions but with a significant contribution made by culture elements deriving from the south and the south-west. The onset of this process which, apparently, is legible also in the grave-field under discussion, presumably took place around the middle of period Ha D. This chronology finds support also in the dating of the majority of analogies to the non-ceramic finds from our grave-field. Their distribution range suggests that some of these objects, particularly iron, were brought to central and eastern Mazowsze and Podlasie from the territory of the Tarnobrzeg Group or, possibly, from the European forest-steppe zone within the area of influence of Scythian cultures. Direct contacts with the region to the east are suggested by the appearance in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages of pottery with a stroked surface and the spread of corrugated cordons applied to the vessel wall and rim. Also eloquent is the increase, observed in the Cloche grave-fields, of the importance of animals, particularly horses, evidenced by a special funerary rite and the presence in human and animal grave inventories of objects associated with the breeding and utilization of animals. Analysis shows that the grave-sites “Brylowszczyzna” and “ul. Gór¬ników” were in use during an approximately the same period, possibly until the appearance at the close of the Hallstatt Period of graves displaying “Pomeranian” features. The grave-field Warszawa-Grochów “ul. Górni¬ków” could have been continued (or used in parallel) by the same community established nearby, at the convergence of Zamieniecka and Zagójska Streets, where during the 1920s a dozen-odd graves were excavated and associated with the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery.

10

Groby kloszowe na warszawskiej Sadybie

63%

Andrzejowska M., Stanaszek Ł. M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2006

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vol. LVIII

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issue 58

378-384

EN

Construction works carried out in September 2005 in the garden of a private villa in Morszyńska Street (Fig. 1), in Sadyba quarter in Czerniaków (in Warsaw’s southern district Mokotów), led to the uncovering of two cloche graves set close together. Both cloche vessels occurred at the depth of ca 120 cm from the present--day ground level, within clean yellow sand (Fig. 2). Both of them rested on a ‘stand’, ie a layer of several dozen heavily burnt sherds from different vessels (Figs. 3f.g, 4, 5), arranged tightly in a rectangle. The two burials were probably contemporaneous and may be viewed as a single deposit consisting of two graves. Under the cloches (Fig. 3a.d) were found urns with burnt human bone. The complete urn found in grave ‘A’ – with a broad body and smoothed neck (Fig. 3a) – was covered by a hemispherical bowl with a polished body (Fig. 3b), set upright over the mouth of the urn. The urn from grave ‘B’ – with a broad body and roughened surface and smoothed neck (Fig. 3e) – broke during construction and was dumped outside the grave. The rectangular ‘stand’ included fragments of a vase-like vessel with a tall neck (Fig. 3f), ornamented bowl with a short neck (Fig. 3g) and two large broad-bodied vessels with well-defined necks emphasised by notched cordons (Figs. 4, 5). The pottery from Morszyńska St. is typical for Cloche Grave Culture ceramic forms known from the region of Mazowsze (cf T. Węgrzynowicz 1988, p. 8–10, fig. 5); in ornamentation and technology it is also consistent in general with vessels known from Cloche Grave Culture sites recorded in the area. The only non-typical feature is the ornamentation of sherds from the bowl which were used to make the rectangular ‘stand’, and the notching of the lip of the bowl from grave ‘A’. Also worth noting is careful preparation of the mixture of clay and large amount of crushed rock temper used to roughen (by daubing) the cloches and urns. The urn from grave ‘A’ contained the remains of an adultus woman, slender and tall (approximately 160–164 cm), in good physical condition. Grave ‘B’ produced the remains of a mature woman (?). Degenerative changes observed on spinal bones of this individual suggest hard living and heavy labour. Bones collected in the area around the two graves included a fragment of a young roe deer tibia diaphysis.

11

Odkrycia archeologiczne w Pilicy

51%

Andrzejowska M., Karczmarek Ł., Gan P.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2021

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vol. LXXII

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issue 72

117-143

EN

In July 2019, a bronze spiral bracelet and an ancient potsherd were discovered by chance in the bed of the Pilica River, near its confluence with the Vistula. The artefacts were recovered from the bottom of the river, by the southern bank of a small sandy island located between the villages of Pilica (Warka Commune, Grójec County) and Boguszków (Magnuszew Commune, Kozienice County) (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of a professional archaeological investigation, carried out with the help of a team of underwater archaeologists, ten more sherds from ancient earthenware vessels were obtained from the immediate vicinity of the original find (Fig. 3). The potsherd assemblage consists of two bases, two base sherds, six body sherds and one sherd of either a disc-shaped plate or a massive base (Fig. 4–6). Most sherds show signs of a long-term stay in an aquatic environment. One sherd has been identified as modern, the rest should be associated with the Lusatian culture from a period covering the later phases of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Of note is the strongly smoothed lower part of a vessel with thickened base (Fig. 4:b, 5:b, 6:b). It may be a fragment of a so-called Ulwówek beaker/mug, a ceramic form known mainly from sites located to the east of the Middle Vistula, in the basin of the rivers Wieprz and Bug. The closest finds of vessels identified as the Ulwówek type are known from the Lusatian culture settlement and cemetery at Maciejowice, Garwolin County, and from the cemetery at Radom Wośniki. Ulwówek type beakers/mugs are commonly dated to Bronze Age IV, although some specimens (e.g., from Radom), due to certain specificity of their form and decoration, may be dated to Bronze Age V and later. The remaining sherds mostly come from roughened, medium- and thick-walled vessels, made from a clay body with ample coarse-grained mineral temper, often white and pink in colour (Fig. 4). They present features of the Lusatian culture earthenware from the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. At present, it is not possible to clearly indicate the place (or places) from which the pottery was washed away and transported by the current. Among the Lusatian culture sites located along the river, the settlement at Michałów-Parcele, Warka Commune (Fig. 7), situated on a sand-and-gravel elevation occasionally undercut by the river, should be foremost considered. The site, excavated in the 1970s, has yet to be analysed and published. The ten-coil bracelet was made from a plano-convex bronze strip with round wire terminals (Fig. 8, 9). It is decorated with repeating alternating motifs of wide bands composed of narrow transverse grooves and oblique crosses, some of which have a circled dot symbol punched at the point where the arms intersect (Fig. 10). The form and decoration of the bracelet resemble in style the adornments of the “Stanomin type”, considered products of a Lusatian culture metallurgical centre from Hallstatt period D, located in Kuyavia. The most typical “Stanominian” decorative element of the Pilica bracelet is the recumbent cross motif, encountered in different variants on the adornments regarded as “Kuyavian ornaments”, throughout the entire range of bracelets in particular (Fig. 12:a–e.j–m). However, the number of coils, strip parameters and type of terminals distinguish this specimen from both the “short” and “tall” bracelets in J. Kostrzewski’s classification (1954), recently modified by M. Maciejewski (2019). In these particular features, the Pilica bracelet resembles three, likewise atypical, decorations discovered at Zabieżki, Otwock County, and near Słupia (Nowa?), Kielce County (Fig. 12:m), which were accompanied by “Kuyavian” ankle- and neck-rings as well as Stanomin type ankle-rings of the Mazovian variant in the classification by M. Mogielnicka-Urban (2008). The metal strips they were made of were more massive than in the case of the other “tall” bracelets decorated with crosses. Their terminal coils, in the form of smooth, round wires, find no analogy among other similarly decorated specimens. Such a shape of terminals is characteristic of tall, specifically decorated bracelets consisting of over a dozen coils, made from a not overly broad strip of roughly triangular cross-section, discovered (also together with “Kuyavian” items) in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia (Fig. 12:p). The four bracelets were probably made in workshops located in the area where the canons of craftsmanship and decorative arts, represented by the “classic” Kuyavian products, intermingled with designs valued by the local market. The chemical composition of the alloy of which the Pilica bracelet was made is characteristic of the majority of goods from the Hallstatt period (Appendix 1). Due to the absence of signs of bronze manufacturing in the area in question, attempting to locate the workshops is not possible. A few other finds of “Kuyavian bronzes” are known from the Lower Pilica region; they were found on their own or as parts of multi-component hoards (Fig. 7). Their characteristics and the context in which they occurred indicate wide-ranging connections of this area and various cultural zones, especially those in southern and south-eastern Europe.

PL

W lipcu 2019 roku w korycie rzeki Pilicy, niedaleko jej ujścia do Wisły, przypadkowo odkryto spiralną bransoletę brązową i ułamek starożytnego naczynia glinianego. Zabytki wydobyto z dna rzeki, przy południowym brzegu niewielkiej piaszczystej wysepki, położonej pomiędzy wsiami Pilica, gm. Warka, pow. grójecki i Boguszków, gm. Magnuszew, pow. kozienicki (Ryc. 1, 2). W wyniku profesjonalnych badań archeologicznych, przeprowadzonych z udziałem ekipy nurków-archeologów, w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie pierwszego znaleziska pozyskano jeszcze dziesięć fragmentów starożytnych naczyń glinianych (Ryc. 3). Zbiór ułamków ceramiki składa się z dwóch den, dwóch fragmentów przydennych partii naczyń, sześciu fragmentów brzuśców i jednego fragmentu talerza krążkowego, względnie masywnego dna (Ryc. 4, 5). Większość skorup nosi ślady długotrwałego przebywania w środowisku mokrym. Jeden ułamek uznano za nowożytny, pozostałe należy łączyć z kulturą łużycką z przedziału czasowego obejmującego młodsze fazy epoki brązu i wczesną epokę żelaza. Wyróżnia się dolna część silnie gładzonego naczynia o pogrubionym dnie (Ryc. 4:b, 5:b, 6:b). Może być to fragment tzw. pucharka/ kubka ulwóweckiego, formy ceramicznej znanej przede wszystkim ze stanowisk ulokowanych na wschód od środkowej Wiały, w dorzeczach Wieprza i Bugu. Najbliższe znaleziska naczyń zaliczanych do typu ulwóweckiego znane są z osady i cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej w Maciejowicach, pow. garwoliński i z cmentarzyska w Radomiu-Wośnikach. Pucharki/ kubki ulwóweckie powszechnie datowane są na IV okres epoki brązu, jednak niektóre okazy (np. z Radomia), ze względu na pewną swoistość formy i ornamentu, mogą być datowane na V okres epoki brązu i później. Pozostałe fragmenty w większości pochodzą z naczyń średnio- lub grubościennych, chropowaconych, wykonanych z masy ceramicznej z obfitą domieszką mineralną o dużych ziarnach często barwy białej i różowej (Ryc. 4:i). Noszą cechy warsztatu ceramicznego kultury łużyckiej z końca epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza. Obecnie niemożliwe jest jednoznaczne wskazanie miejsca (lub miejsc), z których materiały ceramiczne zostały wypłukane i przeniesione przez wodę. Z położonych wzdłuż rzeki stanowisk kultury łużyckiej należy przede wszystkim brać pod uwagę osadę w Michałowie-Parcelach, gm. Warka (Ryc. 7), leżącą na piaszczysto-żwirowym wyniesieniu okresowo podmywanym przez rzekę. Badane w latach 70. XX wieku stanowisko nie zostało dotąd opracowane i opublikowane. Dziesięciozwojowa bransoleta wykonana została z płasko-wypukłej taśmy brązowej z końcami w kształcie okrągłych drutów (Ryc. 8, 9). Zdobiona jest powtarzającymi się na przemian motywami szerokich pasów złożonych z poprzecznych wąskich żłobków oraz skośnych krzyży, z których część ma na skrzyżowaniu ramion wybity symbol kółka z zaznaczonym środkiem (Ryc. 10). Forma i ornamentyka bransolety bliskie są stylistyce ozdób „typu stanomińskiego”, uznawanych za produkty lokowanego na Kujawach ośrodka metalurgicznego kultury łużyckiej, datowanego na okres halsztacki D. Najbardziej typowym „stanomińskim” elementem zdobniczym bransolety z Pilicy jest motyw leżącego krzyża, spotykany w różnych wersjach na wyrobach zaliczanych do kategorii „ozdób kujawskich”, a zwłaszcza na bransoletach w całym ich zasięgu (Ryc. 12:a–e.j–m). Liczba zwojów, parametry taśmy i rodzaj zakończeń różnią jednak ten egzemplarz zarówno od „niskich” jak też od „wysokich” bransolet w klasyfikacji J. Kostrzewskiego (1954), ostatnio zmodyfikowanej przez M. Maciejewskiego (2019). Swoiste cechy upodobniają bransoletę z Pilicy do trzech, również nietypowych ozdób odkrytych w Zabieżkach, pow. otwocki i w okolicach Słupi (Nowej?), pow. kielecki (Ryc. 12:m), które wystąpiły w towarzystwie nagolenników i naszyjników „kujawskich”, oraz nagolenników typu stanomińskiego wersji mazowieckiej wg klasyfikacji M. Mogielnickiej-Urban (2008). Wykonane zostały z bardziej masywnych pasów metalu niż pozostałe „wysokie” bransolety zdobione krzyżami. Ich końcowe zwoje,w postaci gładkich, okrągłych drutów, nie mają analogii w pozostałych, podobnie ornamentowanych okazach. Taki kształt zakończeń jest natomiast charakterystyczny dla wysokich, kilkunastozwojowych, specyficznie zdobionych bransolet zwiniętych z niezbyt szerokiej taśmy o daszkowatym przekroju, odkrywanych(także w zespołach z wyrobami „kujawskimi”) na wschodnim Mazowszu i Podlasiu (Ryc. 12:p). Te cztery bransolety powstały zapewne w pracowniach ulokowanych w strefie mieszania się kanonów sztuki rzemieślniczej i zdobniczej reprezentowanej przez wyroby uważane za „klasyczne” kujawskie, z wzorami cenionymi na miejscowym rynku zbytu. Skład chemiczny stopu, z którego wykonano bransoletę z Pilicy jest charakterystyczny dla większości wyrobów z okresu halsztackiego (Aneks1). Brak śladów wytwórczości brązowniczej na omawianym terenie uniemożliwia próby lokalizacji warsztatów. Z rejonu dolnej Pilicy znanych jest jeszcze kilka znalezisk „brązów kujawskich”, znajdowanych pojedynczo i w wieloskładnikowych skarbach (Ryc. 7). Ich charakterystyka i kontekst, w jakim wystąpiły, świadczą o szerokich powiazaniach tego obszaru z różnymi strefami kulturowymi, zwłaszcza południowej i południowo-wschodniej Europy.

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Okruchy historii. Kilka interesujących skorup z Anusina na Kujawach

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Groby kloszowe z cmentarzyska w Stodzewie, gm. Parysów, stan. 3

Cmentarzysko fazy wielkowiejskiej na stan. 1 we Władysławowie Chłapowie, woj. pomorskie

Osada kultury grobów kloszowych na stan. 10 w Warszawie–Zerzniu

Halsztackie ozdoby brązowe z Warszawy-Wilanowa

Brązy ze Słupi – historia niedokończona

Warszawa-Grochów "ul. Górników" - cmentarzysko z wczesnej epoki żelaza

Groby kloszowe na warszawskiej Sadybie

Odkrycia archeologiczne w Pilicy