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EN
The laws associated with aged women in the New Testament usually refer to widows. Two authors of Pastoral Epistles are trying to fill this gap, formulating generic imperatives. What is suprising in these imperatives is the terminology connected with aged women: presbytis (Tit. 2:3) and presbytera (1 Tim. 5:2). The morphological similarity of these terms with the well-known word "presbyter", preaches in a way that one suspects indicates not only age but also function. By analysis of preserved inscriptions - from Ephesus, where Timothy exercised his ministry, and from Crete connected with the Letter to Titus - we come to the conclusion that in local Jewish communities the office of female-presbyters is well known. These monuments shed a new light on the more difficult verses of Pastoral Epistles and pave the way for new interpretation, assuming that groups of aged women were part of the community of elders, or they were leaders. The existence of this practice is also provided by Epiphanius and the 11th Canon of the Synod of Laodicea.
EN
The aim of the presented text is to question the feminist re-interpretation of Ef 5,21-33, the so-called Christian Haustafeln („household codes”). It is one of the texts by St Paul, on the basis of which the Apostle is being accused of misogynism. In particular parts of the article, we have tried to rebut these accusations, and at the same time highlight pro-female aspects of his activity. The Apostle was presented as a modern leader of his times who fights with the low status of the women, and even appoints women as his collaborators during his missionary journeys. The aims were reached on the basis of examining the structure of the fragment and analysing the meaning of two Greek words: avgapa,w and u`pota,ssw. Furthermore, the pericope was interpreted in its social and cultural context of late-Hellenic and early-Roman era, depicted by epigraphic, papyrologic and literary examples of strong women emancipation, reflected in greater freedom in the eyes of the law, getting married for love and weakening the patriarchal family model.
XX
Intencją prezentowanego tekstu jest polemika z feministyczną re-lekturą Ef 5,21-33, tzw. chrześcijańskim Haustafeln („tablicami domowymi”). Jest to jeden z tych Pawłowych tekstów, na podstawie których oskarża się apostoła o mizoginizm. W poszczególnych częściach artykułu podjęta została próba odparcia tych oskarżeń, a w związku z tym zaakcentowania prokobiecych aspektów jego działalności. Apostoł został ukazany jako nowoczesny jak na owe czasy lider, który walczy z niskim statusem kobiet, a nawet powołuje je na swoich współpracowników podczas podróży misyjnych. Cele zostały osiągnięte na podstawie badania struktury fragmentu oraz znaczenia dwóch greckich czasowników: αγαπαω i υποτασσω. Co więcej, perykopa odczytana została w jej społecznym i kulturowym kontekście, czasów późno-hellenistycznych i wczesnej epoki rzymskiej, który malują przed nami epigraficzne, papirologiczne i literackie przykłady silnej emancypacji kobiet, wyrażającej się w większej wolności w oczach prawa, małżeństwach z miłości oraz osłabieniu patriarchalnego modelu rodziny.
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