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PL
Artykuł prezentuje próbę nowego spojrzenia na formę architektoniczną kościoła Klarysek w Starym Sączu. W dotychczasowej literaturze budowlę tę uważano najczęściej za przykład oddziaływania na Małopolskę architektury austriackiej, zarówno na poziomie układu przestrzennego, jak i stylu. Wskazywano też jednak na podobieństwo niektórych detali do rozwiązań zastosowanych w katedrze w Krakowie. Więcej wątpliwości budziło datowanie, tym bardziej, że źródła pisane nie są jednoznaczne. Budowę kościoła wzmiankowano w latach 80. XIII w., wkrótce po założeniu klasztoru przez św. Kingę, jednak konsekracja miała miejsce dopiero w roku 1332. Wielu badaczy sądziło więc, że obecna budowla przynajmniej częściowo powstała jeszcze w XIII wieku, później została tylko powiększona. Dodatkiem jeszcze późniejszym miałoby być sklepienie zachodniej części korpusu, ponad którą znajduje się empora zakonna. Analiza form całego kościoła prowadzi jednak do wniosku, że jest on, pomijając przekształcenia nowożytne, budowlą jednorodną i najpewniej powstałą w ciągu jednej akcji budowlanej przed rokiem 1332. Najistotniejsze wnioski można jednak sformułować na podstawie maswerków, w których obficie zastosowano specyficzny motyw trójkąta sferycznego z wpisanym zaostrzonym tróliściem, w pierwszej ćwierci XIV wieku poza Francją powszechnie spotykany właściwie tylko w Nadrenii, zwłaszcza zaś na obszarze wokół Jeziora Bodeńskiego. Podobne motywy obecne są też w katedrze krakowskiej; w obu budowlach zastosowano też bardzo podobne wsporniki i żebra o profilu gruszkowym. W rozważaniach o kościele Klarysek w Starym Sączu należy więc powrócić do tezy o warsztatowym związku tej budowli z katedrą w Krakowie, której twórców także wywodzi się z Górnej Nadrenii. Ponadto wydaje się, że budowla tej klasy nie mogła powstać bez wsparcia Władysława Łokietka i królowej Jadwigi, którzy utrzymywali z klasztorem sądeckim silne związki
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
|
2015
|
vol. 77
|
issue 2
197-221
EN
During the archaeological research conducted by Zbigniew Pianowski and Janusz Firlet in the 1980s and 1990s, under the eastern section of the Cracow Cathedral remains of foundation walls were discovered: they were newer than the Romanesque cathedral, yet older than the existing Gothic church. The remains form the shape of two chancels, undoubtedly abandoned at an early construction stage. At the older stage, plans were made to construct of a small polygonally enclosed chancel surrounded by a three-sided ambulatory featuring chapels; such a layout had by then been applied only in the Uppsala, Halberstadt, and possibly Poznań cathedrals, so a model for the Wawel one may be found among the three. However, in the course of the second stage, the design was altered for a more extensive, single-nave chancel closed with a straight wall, perceived as of a non-cathedral type (though applied in Olomouc, Paderborn, or Chełmża), yet widely popular in Central Europe. Its Cracow precedence can be found in the monumental chancel of the Dominican Church. The sources testify to the fact that the Romanesque Cathedral survived until 1306 when it was devoured by a fire. The construction of the current church was launched in 1320. Thus both abovementioned projects must be dated to the short period between the two events. Additionally, Bishop Muskata was in exile during most of that period, while a lot of political turmoil was witnessed in relation to the consolidation of the reign of Władysław I the Short both in Cracow and throughout Poland. It seems, however, that it was the Cracow Duke who initiated the construction of the ambulatory chancel, the project initiated possibly after the suppression of the Cracow burghers’ revolt in 1312. Moreover, it may have been supported by Archbishop Jakub Świnka. The reasons for abandoning the projects remain unknown. The second one was most likely started several years later, possibly only upon the return of Bishop Muskata to Cracow in 1317. The foundations laid at that stage were almost entirely reused during the construction of the chancel preserved in the Cathedral up to this very day.
EN
The article presents an attempt at a new look at the architectural form of the Poor Clares church in Stary Sącz. In the current literature, this building was usually regarded as an example of the impact of Austrian architecture on the Lesser Poland region, both at the level of spatial arrangement and style. However, some similarities were pointed to the solutions used in the cathedral in Krakow. There were more doubts about dating, the more so as the written sources are not unambiguous. The construction of the church was mentioned in the 1880s, soon after the foundation of the monastery by Saint. Kinga, however, the consecration took place only in 1332. Many scholars, therefore, believed that the current building was at least partly founded in the 13th century, later it was only enlarged. An accessory later would be the vault of the western part of the corpus, above which there is a religious monastery. The analysis of the forms of the whole church, however, leads to the conclusion that it is, apart from modern transformations, a homogeneous structure and probably created in one construction action before 1332. The most important conclusions can be formulated on the basis of traceries, in which a specific spherical triangle motif with typeface has been abundantly used. sharpened triple, in the first quarter of the fourteenth century outside France commonly found only in the Rhineland, especially in the area around Lake Constance. Similar motifs are also present in the Cracow cathedral; in both buildings very similar brackets and ribs with a pear profile were also used. In considering the church of the Poor Clares in Stary Sącz, one should return to the thesis about the workshop relationship of this building with the cathedral in Krakow, whose creators also originate from Upper Rhineland. Moreover, it seems that a building of this class could not have been created without the support of Władysław Łokietek and queen Jadwiga, who maintained strong ties with the Sącz monastery.
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