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Ein Volk im Schatten seiner Nachbarn - die Buren und die Przeworsk-Kultur A people in the shadow of their neighbours - Buri and the Przeworsk culture

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Nowakowski W.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2019

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vol. LIV

191-206

DE

Tacitus erwähnte in seiner Germania das Volk der Buri, dessen Sitz sich in der Nähe der Karpaten oder genau genommen in diesen Bergen befinden sollte, was auf dessen Nachbarschaft mit der lugischen Föderation (Lugiorum nomen) hinweist, die allgemein als die Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur identifiziert wurde. Ptolemäus schrieb hingegen über die Lugioi Buroi, was eine Zugehörigkeit dieses Stammes zum Lugierbund andeutete. Man kann vermuten, dass die Volksnamen Buri und Lugioi Buroi denselben Stamm bezeichneten, der einen Teil der Bevölkerung sowohl der Przeworsk-Kultur, als auch des lugischen Völkerverbandes darstellte. Ihr Sitz lag in der älteren Kaiserzeit in der von keltischen und dakischen Einflüssen geprägten „Südzone“ der Przeworsk-Kultur in Südostpolen. Die Buren, wie auch die gesamte lugischen Föderation, waren südlich der Karpaten politisch und militärisch aktiv, unter anderen während der Dakerkriege Trajans, und drangen in der zweiten Hälfte des 2. Jh.s in das Karpatenbecken ein, um dessen Nordrand an der Obertheiß zu besiedeln. Die Grenzlage der Buren in Kleinpolen, am Südrand des lugischen Territoriums, hatte zur Folge, dass die Römer sie sowohl als Mitglied der Föderation (Lugioi Buroi), als auch als „separates“ Volk (Buri) wahrnahmen.

EN

In his Germania, Tacitus mentions the people of Buri, whose settlements were located near or in the Carpathian Mountains, which would indicate that they were neighbors with the Lugian federation (Lugiorum nomen), commonly identified with the Przeworsk culture population In turn, Ptolemy wrote about Lugioi Buroi, which would suggest that this tribe was a part of the Lugian federation. It can be assumed that the ethnonyms Buri and Lugioi Buroi referred to the same people, who were both a part of the Przeworsk culture population and a branch of the Lugian federation. The settlements of this tribe in the Early Roman Period were located in the southern part of the Przeworsk culture territory, in southeastern Poland, in an area that at that time was under strong Celtic and Dacian influences. The Buri, like the entire Lugian federation, were politically and militarily active in the lands south of the Carpathians, for example, during Trajan's Dacian Wars. In the second half of the 2nd century AD, they invaded the Carpathian Basin, settling its northern edge over the Upper Tisa. The border location of the Buri, on the southern outskirts of the Lugian territory, caused them to be perceived by the Romans as both a part of the Lugian federation (Lugioi Buroi) and as a "separate" people (Buri).

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Żelazne zapinki kuszowate z podwiniętą nóżką w europejskim Barbaricum

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Nowakowski W.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

129-146

EN

In the Przeworsk culture territory were produced of iron, while on other territories they were usually made of copper alloy or silver. Distribution of the iron fibulae of that type could be seen as a trace of the Przeworsk culture influences. The cross-bow tendril fibulae made of iron can be divided into three distinct groups: a.Prototypes with widened foot and triangular bow (Fig. 1) b.“Classic cross-bow brooches, mostly of type Almgren 161-162, and their richly ornamented variants (Fig. 4) c.Late brooches with short 4-coil spring and band-shaped bow (Fig. 5) The earliest “prototype form of iron cross-bow tendril brooches are, just as specimens made of bronze or silver, brooches with short 4-coil spring and slightly widened foot. Brooches of that type, not numerous, are known exclusively from the Przeworsk Culture assemblages of phase C1a. Similar brooches with a long many-coil spring (Fig. 2:1), dated to the same time, are their later stylistic forms. These brooches are also almost exclusively known from the Przeworsk Culture area. Three such fibulae found on Bornholm build an exception; they also came from the phase C1a. Two brooches with a bow made of triangular band which is widening towards head (Fig. 2:2) form a unique version of the “prototype fibulae. It is probably a result of local experiments in attempt to reconcile traditional version of the early Roman Period way of making brooches with new construction typical to the late Roman Period. Lack of the next specimens of that kind indicates that the experiment was hardly seen as a success. A vast majority of the “classic brooches are specimens of type Almgren 161-162 with many-coil spring, straight cord and strongly bent, almost knee-shaped bow. They are more widespread than the previous group (Fig. 4). The greatest concentration is, however, still on the Przeworsk Culture territory (Fig. 2:3–6), where they were in common use in the phase C1a, not so often in phase C1b and, very rarely in phase C2 (List 1). Finds from outside the Przeworsk Culture are dated to the same chronological period. Only a few finds of iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 were found on the Marcomanian or Quadian cemeteries (List 2; Fig 2:7). They were also rare on the Sarmatian sites (List 3) and in the basin of middle and lower Elbe (List 4a & 4b). Iron brooches of type 161-162 lack almost completely in Scandinavia. Quite astonishing is a concentration of such brooches on Bornholm (List 5), where nearly 20 specimens were found, and 3 more on Gotland (List 6; fig. 2:8). In the Baltic Sea zone clear concentration of that brooches was in the southern part of the territories of Western Balts, that is on Samland and in Masurian Lakeland, where 40–50 specimens were discovered (W. Nowakowski 1994). More than 20 iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 were registered in the area of the Wielbark Culture (List 7; fig. 2:9–11, 3:1, 2), what is rather surprising, because iron was almost totally excluded from a production of personal ornaments of the Wielbark Culture. The brooches mentioned above come almost exclusively from the zones E and F of the Wielbark Culture (i.e. Mazovia, Podlasie, Lublin Upland and Volhynia), that is from areas occupied in the early Roman Period by the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 4). The brooches are dated there from the phase C1a to the phase C2. About 10 specimens were registered in the comparably not very large area of so-called Masłomęcz Group (List 8a, fig. 3:3), more then 10 came from the southern and western peripheries of the Chernyakhov Culture (List 8b), from the Sîntana de Mureş Culture (List 8c) and from the Culture of Carpathian Barrows on the middle Dniester (List 9). The substantial concentration of iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 in the Eastern Europe form nearly 30 specimens known from the Kiev Culture area (List 10; fig. 3:4–7). That number is really significant, concerning the state of investigations and publications of finds from Ukraine and southern Belarus. Quite exceptional finds are iron cross-bow tendril brooches ornamented with knobs and rings, similar to the types Almgren 163-164 and Almgren 167-168. Brooches with knobs on head come from the territory of the Masłomęcz Group (Fig. 3:9) and from the Przeworsk Culture area; specimens decorated with rings of notched bronze or silver wire (Fig. 3:10), or with a lyre-shaped chord are known exclusively from the area of Western Balts. Only very few richly ornamented variants of iron brooches clearly indicate that iron wasn’t the right stuff to produce them. The iron cross-bow tendril brooches of late version are less numerous than prototype specimens. Brooches with short, 4-coil spring or band shaped bow (Fig. 3:11, 12) are known only from few finds of phase C1b–D (Fig. 5). It seems that the Przeworsk Culture people invented use of iron to produce cross-bow tendril brooches. The distribution of finds, also late variants, indicates their links with the Przeworsk Culture, or other cultures being under strong “Przeworsk influences. There could be two ways of a diffusion of those brooches. First, traditionally accepted in archaeology, is the way of mutual exchange of goods and experience in direct contacts based mainly on economic grounds. In that way iron brooches of that type came to the Danube area, the Elbe basin, and, by much more intensive contacts to the territories of Western Balts, and through this area to Bornholm and Gotland. The other model, still under discussion, could be a co-existence of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures in Mazovia and Podlasie, maybe also at the time of their further expansion. The result of it could be the “Przeworsk type brooches in the Kiev culture.

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Działalność naukowa PMA

100%

Nowakowski W.

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

7-11

EN

One of the responsibilities of the State Archaeological Museum (PMA) instituted by the Ordinance of the President of the Polish Republic (1928) was to be a “state institution for researches and studies”, its key objective being to “study prehistory, primarily that of the territory of the Polish State”. The focus placed on the research activity followed from the specific nature of an archaeological museum, which for its collections relies almost entirely from scientific research – ie, excavations. Moreover, its collections require a much more careful scientific treatment than for instance, those of art museums. Achievements of the PMA in the field of science and research are best illustrated by publications, first of all, articles published in the “Wiadomości Archeologiczne” journal, starting from volume X brought out by the Museum itself. As early in 1928 the PMA staff were engaged in investigating, more and less extensively, of 76 sites, the results of which were subsequently published in “Wiadomości Archeologiczne”. Even in the first volume of the journal published by the Museum attention is drawn by an extensive article by Zygmunt Szmit of the PMA, dealing with “the study of the Stone Age in Podlasie”, a recapitulation of many seasons of survey and excavation made by the author. Subsequent volumes of the journal brought further studies on the Stone Age and Bronze Age. Research activity of the PMA in the 1928––1939 period was recapitulated, somewhat by coincidence, in two publications: the “Krzemionki Opatowskie” by Stefan Krukowski, to this day a model publication of the research results from the Neolithic flint mine, and volume XVI of “Wiadomości Archeologiczne”, planned in honour of Józef Kostrzewski’s anniversary. The latter carried notable articles by PMA staff concerned with the cultural and settlement continuity between Lusatian Culture and early medieval Slavs. The issue later became one of the major subjects of archaeological debate after WW II, conducted also in PMA with contribution from its staff members. The first volume of “Wiadomości Archeologiczne” published after the war contained the results of follow up studies of pre-1945 excavations reporting also on new evidence recovered in the first years after the war. A noteworthy development was the marked increase in laboratory analyses of the excavated material. Another novelty was the publication of evidence from the territory included within the Polish State after 1945, first of all, former Ostpreussen –apart from carrying out excavations an urgent matter was to safeguard the region’s museum collections from damage and theft. Political change of the mid-1950s included, among its many effects, also a 20 years’ boom in publishing. In this period PMA launched the “Materiały Starożytne” yearly journal. Its first volume carried an article by Aleksander Kamiński on archaeology of the Balt Jatvings’ tribes in northeast Poland. Written by an author of known political leanings, the paper had the nature of a political manifesto charting out, at the same time, the course for future research; a natural consequence of this article was PMA participation in research activities of the Comprehensive Jatving Expedition – probably the most ambitious archaeology project during the Polish People’s Republic. Subsequent publications of the PMA prove that the Museum had also developed into a centre of research on the widely conceived Roman Period, the study of Przeworsk Culture in particular, and questions of chronology; it was also greatly successful in investigating Bronze Age in northeast Poland, extending the range of its Stone Age research from the Neman to the Dnestr. Two recently published volumes of “Wiadomości Archeologiczne” are a fine illustration of how PMA continues its main avenues of research activity: they include reports on research carried in Poland, but also from the neighbouring states of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine, testifying to the position of PMA as a research centre which, thanks to its lively activity and intellectual attractiveness has been animating research and scientific exchange to a degree contributing to the Central and East European archaeology. This position is confirmed by the success enjoyed by two publication series which would not have been possible without intellectual contribution from PMA staff members. The Series Studies on the prehistoric flint raw materials economy is a valuable contribution into the study of the Stone Age exceptionally, while the Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica records the archaeology of Roman Period cemeteries in Poland.

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Ein Volk im Schatten seiner Nachbarn - die Buren und die Przeworsk-Kultur A people in the shadow of their neighbours - Buri and the Przeworsk culture

Żelazne zapinki kuszowate z podwiniętą nóżką w europejskim Barbaricum

Działalność naukowa PMA