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Polityka społeczna adresowana do grup ludności w cyklu życia. Wyzwania dla teorii i praktyki

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Golinowska S.
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
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2015
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issue 28(1)/2015
15-43
PL
Postulowaną cechą prowadzenia współczesnej polityki społecznej jest jej adresowanie do grup ludności potrzebujących wsparcia. Debata na temat podejścia uniwersalnego versus adresowanego oraz analiza doświadczeń w prowadzeniu adresowanej polityki społecznej wskazują na to, że w takiej polityce dominują cele oszczędnościowe i efektywnościowe coraz bardziej zawężające odbiorców świadczeń społecznych. Typowymi adresatami selektywnej polityki społecznej są osoby ubogie i zagrożone wykluczeniem społecznym, identyfikowane poprzez kryteria dochodowe i majątkowe. W artykule wskazuje się inne podejście do adresowania polityki społecznej. Podejście polegające na diagnozowaniu potrzeb i problemów socjalnych w cyklu życia człowieka i ukierunkowaniu polityki społecznej na ich rozwiązywanie. Adresatami takiej polityki społecznej są dzieci, młodzież, dorośli (kobiety i osoby z niepełnosprawnością) oraz osoby starsze. Te grupy zostały opisane na podstawie przeglądu literatury i analizy głównych badań. Jednocześnie przedstawione zostały główne kierunki polityki społecznej wobec tych grup w ramach programów europejskich zestawianych z polskimi.
EN
The main characteristic in providing contemporary social policy is targeting. It means that social programmes and measures are addressed to the selected group of people. The debate about universal and targeted social policies includes analysing of experience with targeting which shows the main effect of this kind of intervention. It is saving of public money due to narrowing the scope of beneficiaries. An alternative approach to targeting in social policy is presented in the article. As vulnerable groups are defined people with specific social needs and social problems in life cycle: children, youth, in adult life: women, disable people and elderly people. Description of their social problems is based on the literature review, reports from statistical surveys and researches. At the same time social policy addressed to population group in life cycle is analysed. The direction of European targeted social programmes is compared with those performed in Poland.
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O SPÓJNOŚCI I KAPITALE SPOŁECZNYM ORAZ EUROPEJSKIEJ I POLSKIEJ POLITYCE SPÓJNOŚCI

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Golinowska S.
Polityka Społeczna
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2011
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vol. 38
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issue 5-6(446-447)
13-21
EN
The report shows that material conditions are fundamental to social cohesion, particularly employment, income, health, education and housing. Relations between and within communities suffer when people lack work and endure hardship, debt, anxiety, low self-esteem, ill-health, poor skills and bad living conditions. These basic necessities of life are the foundations of a strong social fabric and important indicators of social progress. The second basic tenet of cohesion is social order, safety and freedom from fear, or "passive social relationships". Tolerance and respect for other people, along with peace and security, are hallmarks of a stable and harmonious urban society. The third dimension refers to the positive interactions, exchanges and networks between individuals and communities, or "active social relationships". Such contacts and connections are potential resources for places since they offer people and organisations mutual support, information, trust and credit of various kinds. The fourth dimension is about the extent of social inclusion or integration of people into the mainstream institutions of civil society. It also includes people's sense of belonging to a city and the strength of shared experiences, identities and values between those from different backgrounds. Lastly, social equality refers to the level of fairness or disparity in access to opportunities or material circumstances, such as income, health or quality of life, or in future life chances.
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Przestrzenny wymiar nierówności zdrowia i polityka spójności

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Golinowska S.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 2
38–54
EN
The spatial perspective of health inequality gained in importance as a result of the European cohesion policy, a significant dimension of which is equalization of spatial living conditions, and among them an equal access to the health services. The cohesion policy reflects a new approach to the health policy, in which impact on factors determining health is taken into account, and not only on creating a better health care system for people who already have health problems. In this context, the article is aimed at presenting new directions of both health and spatial European policy and more general strategies of Europe development. It shows new methodological approach in presentation of territorial division and indicators used. It also presents the results of research on health inequalities between regions in the European countries. The article is an expression of a concern for insufficient perceiving in Poland a phenomenon of health inequalities in the spatial dimension, whereas there are possibilities and means to diminish them within the European strategy, European cohesion policy and European funds.
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"Srebrna gospodarka" i miejsce w niej sektora zdrowotnego. Koncepcja i regionalne przykłady zastosowania

100%
Golinowska S.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 1
76-86
EN
The aim of this article is to explain the concept of silver economy and present two examples of its implementation into the strategy and regional development programmes in Europe: North Rhine-Westphalia and Małopolska region. The concept of silver economy is based on an assumption that population ageing is not exclusively the burden to the economy but it contributes to its new growth factors. However, it is conditioned by an increased activity of senior citizens in labour, consumption and social fields. Prolonged ability tolead an active life of good quality demands investment in the health of population in general, not only of senior citizens. Healthy ageing requires an early intervention process. In the strategy for Małopolska,(differently than in the case of North Rhine-Westphalia), health sector is plays an important role in the economyas a place of healthy ageing interventions carried out as part of chronic diseases preventions, health promotion, rehabilitation, geriatric medical care and long-term care. It is because of the potential generated by the medical labour resources and rehabilitationfacilities for health-oriented silver economy strategy prepared for Małopolska region.
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A Case Study of the European Welfare System Model in the Post-communist Countries-Poland

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Golinowska S.
Polish Sociological Review
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2009
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vol. 166
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issue 2
273-296
EN
The paper on European welfare regimes and policies presents common and shared features of the social development of the post-communist countries that are members of the EU today. This will provide a basis for an attempt to assess if there is a single regime for those countries that distinguishes them from the three classical (and later four) regimes of the Esping-Anderson classification, or if there is an affinity to one of those models en bloc, or if there is similarity to one of the regimes, but in a different way for each of the new EU members. This attempt will be made primarily on the example of Poland, but with salient references to other countries in the group. The basis of the thoughts presented here is that of a project on Diversity and Commonality in European Social Policies: The Forging of a European Social Model (Golinowska, Hengstenberg, Żukowski 2009). Considerations and analysis done in the paper lead into conclusions that social policy development in the new member states is characterized by a one social model distinguishing them differently than according to the Esping-Andersen classification, in spite of a some differences in the outcome of the social policy being pursued. Similarities are mainly of an institutional character, resulting from both the similar past and the similar challenges connected with the systemic transformation towards the democratic system and market economy. In the future this specificity may fade and integration within the EU will cause a Europeanization of social policy of member states, but now this process is not sufficiently advanced.
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Promocja zdrowia i ochrona przed ryzykiem – działania na rzecz seniorów „Pro Health 65+”

100%
Golinowska S.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2014
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vol. 12
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issue 3
PL
Działania Drugiego Programu Zdrowia Unii Europejskiej (UE) „Razem po zdrowie” (2008–2013) koncentrowały się na trzech głównych celach: (1) poprawy zabezpieczenia zdrowia Europejczyków, (2) promocji zdrowia i zmniejszania nierówności w zdrowiu oraz (3) tworzenia systemu przekazywania społeczeństwu informacji oraz wiedzy na temat zdrowia.
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On the modernization of poverty. Evolution of the phenomenon

100%
Golinowska S.
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
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2020
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vol. 51
19-34
EN
This original article is based on author’s lecture about the evolution of poverty in Poland which was presented at the Congress of Sociologists in Wrocław (09/2019). The generalized description of this complex social phenomenon presented herein is based upon the numerous studies presented in author’s book, “About Polish poverty” (O polskiej biedzie, Wydawnictwo Scholar 2018). It was based on multidisciplinary research, both quantitative and qualitative conducted by many researchers over more than 3 decades, with references to past studies, mostly from postwar period. In the article it is proposed to distinguish between three periods in the evolution of poverty. The first period (post-war late industrialization) was characterized by the great investments of the communist autocratic state to provide full employment which visibly improved the living condition of the working class. However, with time, negative effects of intense industrialization emerged; namely an inefficient centrally planned economy with shortages (queues and rationing, felt to be very onerous) and a devastated natural environment. The second period - transformation of the centrally planned economy into a democratic market economy - initially caused an increase in income poverty and later slowly resulted in growing inequality and social exclusion related to precarious employment and circular labour migration. The third period, its features currently still under development - is a period of both increased prosperity and European integration as well as inequalities related to the diversified benefits of a developed market economy. Poverty in this period is associated with mass consumption and reductions in access to equal and high-quality education, health care, and cultural services.
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Opłaty nieformalne w ochronie zdrowia. Perspektywa i doświadczenia polskie

100%
Golinowska S.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 1
PL
Informal payments in health care. Polish perspective and experiences Informal patient payments are a common phenomenon for the formersocialist countries, though they are reported in other European countries as well. There are various definitions of informal patient payments as well as theories which explain this phenomenon (including fee for service theory, donation hypothesis, governance hypothesis and ethics hypothesis). The definitions of informal patient payments and the theories applied for their explanation determine the measures which are taken in order to eradicate informal patient payments.The topic of informal patient payments in Poland was discussed within a corruption debate which was neglected for a long time. Since the end of 90s, due to the pressure of the international organizations, presence of corruption generally and informal patient payments particularly have been acknowledged. It resulted in various studies on informal patient payments as well as actions undertaken by governmental and nongovernmental organisations in order to eliminate these forms of payments.This paper presents the review of empirical studies on informal patient payments and actions which have been carried out in Poland during last two decades. The types, scope and levels of informal patient payments as well as opinions on informal patient payments are analyzed. Time series data allow to study also a dynamics of informal patient payments and to draw some conclusions on the effects of measures which have been implemented by the Polish government to deal with informal patient payments.This study is carried out under Project ASSPRO CEE 2007 funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme, Theme 8 Socio-economic Sciences and Humanities, Project ASSPRO CEE 2007 (Grant Agreement no. 217431). The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission or its services
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Regionalne strategie polityki społecznej i rynku pracy narzędziem prowadzenia polityki społecznej

63%
Golinowska S., Rysz-Kowalczyk B.
Polityka Społeczna
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2014
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vol. 41
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issue 10(487) Regionalne strategie polityki społecznej
2-11
EN
Birth and development of territorial self-government in Poland brings significant changes in methods of running social policy. Social issues constitute an important content of exercising power by territorial self-government. In reality decentralised real social policy has not been yet recognised enough to describe and assess it in systematic way. Regional and local authorities adapt new regulations and instruments of governance and adjust to a new requirements relatively slowly; they learn. One of important instruments of running social policy is strategic planning of its activities being a component part of regional development strategy. How does the process of taking into consideration the social policy and labour market policy in regional development strategy look like? That is the basic question the regional experts were asked. Their knowledge and opinion were generalised and presented in the article. The process of the strategy formulation by regional administrations differs. However in all cases they experience problems with implementation of strategies, even where they are well formulated and have social acceptance. Because the local self-government have significant autonomy (they are independent from regional level authorities) and the regional level authorities have sector limitations explicitly arising from central regulations, implementation of strategies is based only on a soft methods of coordination.
PL
Narodziny i rozwój samorządności terytorialnej w Polsce przynosi szczególnie istotną zmianę w sposobie prowadzenia polityki społecznej. Sprawy społeczne są bowiem istotną treścią sprawowania władzy samorządowej. Zdecentralizowana polityka społeczna nie jest jeszcze w wymiarze realnym na tyle rozpoznana, aby można ją systematycznie opisać i ocenić. Władze samorządowe powoli dostosowują się do nowych regulacji i nowych instrumentów; uczą się. Jednym z instrumentów prowadzenia polityki społecznej jest planowanie jej działań przy pomocy formułowania regionalnej strategii polityki społecznej, która powinna być komponentem strategii rozwoju regionu. Jak wygląda proces uwzględniania polityki społecznej i rynku pracy w strategiach rozwoju regionalnego? To podstawowe pytanie zadano ekspertom z ośrodków regionalnych, których opinie zostały uogólnione i przedstawione w artykule. Sytuacja w województwach z tworzeniem strategii jest oczywiście zróżnicowana. Wszędzie istnieją jednak poważne trudności z ich wdrażaniem, nawet gdy one zostaną dobrze sformułowane i mają społeczne poparcie. Wobec autonomii samorządów niższego szczebla terytorialnego oraz ograniczeń regulacyjnych ze strony sektorowych ministerstw, władze wojewódzkie wykonują planistyczną funkcję w sposób ograniczony, wykorzystując głównie miękkie formy oddziaływania.
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Rozmowa z Profesorem Januszem Hałuszką

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Włodarczyk C. W., Golinowska S.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2012
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vol. 10
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issue 1
PL
Profesor dr hab. Janusz Hałuszka rozpoczął pracę naukową już w okresie studiów w Studenckim Kole Naukowym, a później jako asystent w Zakładzie Patologii Ogólnej i Doświadczalnej Akademii Medycznej w Krakowie. W 1971 roku podjął pracę w Oddziale Instytutu Matki i Dziecka w Rabce, gdzie przez 30 lat kierował  najnowocześniejszym zakładem diagnozującym zaburzenia układu oddechowego u dzieci. Jest autorem ponad 200 publikacji naukowych z zakresu endokrynologii doświadczalnej (głównie dotyczących tarczycy), oceny stanu czynnościowego układu oddechowego u dzieci zdrowych i chorujących, a także wpływu powietrza zanieczyszczonego pyłami zawieszonymi. Był promotorem 18 przewodów doktorskich. Brał udział w pracach Komitetu Epidemiologii i Zdrowia Publicznego Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Jest współzałożycielem międzynarodowej sieci INCHES monitorującej wpływ środowiska na zdrowie dzieci. W latach 1997–2012 kierował Zakładem Zdrowia i Środowiska w Instytucie Zdrowia Publicznego Wydziału Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Collegium Medicum w Krakowie.
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Stan finansów w ochronie zdrowia

63%
Golinowska S., Kocot E.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2008
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vol. 6
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issue 1-2
PL
The state of finances in health careThe state of finances in health care stirs a lot of interest among both poli­ticians as well as experts. Unfortunately, despite improvements made in recent years, there is still a lack of  thorough knowledge in this field. For this reason the Ministry of Health has  commissioned a report called “Green Book II” on the financial situation in the health sector. The report presents first and foremost a diagnosis of the financial situation of health care in Poland. However, it also contains some recommendations that are the result of  analyses and prognosis of income and expenses of health care in Poland in the next decades. Over 60% percent of the health care’s income comes from premiums – which is a source of income of great dynamics. Another significant source of income is made up of funds designated for health care out of household budgets.  The remaining sources of income come from the country’s budget, state’s budget as well as from employers.   Health care expenses since the year 2004 clearly show a tendency to rise, what is worrisome is the drop in expenses connected with public health such as, for example, education.  In Poland the share of expenses for public health in GDP (gross domestic product) has been constant figure for many years, and is one of the lowest in Europe. The report, “Green Book II” also sheds light on two important occurrences: the disproportion of the development of separate segments of the system as well as the permanent debts of care givers. Unfortunately, according to the prognosis the gap between income and expenses in health care will widen.In light of the results of the analyses conducted so far, the basic problem regarding the functioning of the health care sector is the lack of.
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Źródła finansowania opieki zdrowotnej

63%
Golinowska S., Tambor M.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2014
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vol. 12
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issue 3
PL
The sources of health care funding The question how to mobilize financial resources for health care is one of the most frequently asked questions in health care debates. It is also relevant in Poland, where although various health care reforms in the last two decades, there is still no consensus on how health care should be funded. The ambiguous nature of health care services indicates that both public and private methods of funding should be applied in order to obtain the best value for money. In practice both private and public sources are used. However wealthier European countries, rely strongly on public solidarity-based funding. Whereas in the framework of public sources there is a never ending debate what is more effective: general taxation or insurance contribution. Debate on private sources is still on the agenda as well, particularly in post socialistic countries. Private insurance or co-payment and what kind in both cases are the main question. In this paper, we present a review of public and private methods of health care funding focusing on their main characteristics, their application in European countries, and their effects. TQhe analysis relies on secondary data, i.e. a review of the literature and health expenditure databases. 
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Zasoby kadr dla sektora zdrowotnego. Dotychczasowe tendencje i prognozy

51%
Golinowska S., Kocot E., Sowa A.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 2
PL
Human resources in health care. Up-to–date trends and projectionsThe article presents the diagnosis of trends in health care sector personnel in Poland, particularly physicians and nurses, and projections of the future personnel taking into account population ageing. The article is based on the NEUJOBS project research performed within the European Commission 7th Framework Programme. The analysis and projections use quantitative data: administrative, Eurostat data and GUS survey results. The density of employment of the health personnel per 1000 inhabitants is lower in Poland than in other EU-countries. In the future the demand for the medical personnel will be growing due to the increased needs for health care and ageing. The projections show that shortages of personnel will be faced by hospitals, particularly for specializations related to treatment of chronic diseases, while this is not the case in primary care. The size of the demand for medical personnel will be subjected to increase in technical efficiency of hospitals.
14
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Wprowadzenie dopłat pacjentów do świadczeń opieki zdrowotnej finansowanych ze środków publicznych – opinie głównych uczestników polskiego systemu opieki zdrowotnej

51%
Golinowska S., Tambor M., Sowada C.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 1
PL
Introduction of patient payments for publicly financed health care services – opinions of the main Polish health care system’s stakeholdersDuring the last decades many European governments have introduced patient payments in their public health care system with the aim to improve efficiency of health care provision, contain overall health care expenditure, and also to generate additional resources. In Poland, since 1999 patients have met formal payment obligations when they use dental services. Though introduction of formal patient payments for primary care services, out-patient specialists’ services and hospital services has been discussed, such payments do not exist. Empirical evidence suggests that the successful implementation of patient payments, to a large extent, depends upon public acceptance and political consensus. The paper presents the results of study on attitudes towards formal patient payments for publicly financed health care services, among different groups of Polish health care system’s stakeholders (health care consumers, providers, insurers and policy makers). The data are collected via focus group discussions and in-depth interviews carried out in Poland in June–October 2009 as part of project ASSPRO CEE 2007. The results are used to out-line policy recommendations.
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